Table 2.
Univariate analysis of home-monitoring parameters in the domains; (a) Spirometry, (b) activity, (c) sleep, (d) medication use, (e) heart rate and respiratory rate. Data are shown as mean ± SD or median (IQR)
| a) Spirometry | Uncontrolled | Controlled | Non-asthmatic |
P-value (ANOVA / Kruskal-Wallis) |
| Pre-exercise FEV1 (% predicted) | 82.2 ± 16.0 | 86.1 ± 8.9 | 98.0 ± 9.5 a,b | < 0.01 * |
| Pre-exercise FEF25–75 (% predicted) | 66.9 ± 20.9 | 75.3 ± 17.7 | 90.0 ± 20.5 a,b | < 0.01 * |
| Pre-exercise PEF (% predicted) | 77.4 ± 22.2 | 81.7 ± 14.4 | 98.1 ± 18.2 a,b | < 0.01 * |
| Variation pre-exercise FEV1 (% predicted) | 18.0 ± 10.3 | 9.4 ± 5.4 b | 7.6 ± 4.3 b | < 0.01 * |
| FEV1 change after exercise (%) | − 11.5 ± 11.9 | −0.6 ± 7.6 b | −1.6 ± 3.7 b | < 0.01 * |
| FEV1 change during symptoms (%) | −30.2 ± 21.4 | −6.1 ± 8.1 b | – | < 0.01 * |
| b) Activity | Uncontrolled | Controlled | Non-asthmatic |
P-value (ANOVA / Kruskal-Wallis) |
| Sedentary activity (min/day) | 568 ± 97 | 566 ± 90 | 573 ± 89 | 0.97 * |
| Light activity (min/day) | 270 ± 50 | 274 ± 51 | 270 ± 47 | 0.92 * |
| Moderate activity (min/day) | 97 ± 35 | 88 ± 33 | 92 ± 30 | 0.65 * |
| Vigorous activity (min/day) | 7.4 ± 8.5 | 6.0 ± 7.9 | 9.4 ± 9.2 | 0.95 * |
| Activity length (seconds) | 22.7 ± 2.3 | 21.9 ± 2.4 | 22.5 ± 2.3 | 0.39 * |
| Scale parameter (a.u.) | 12.9 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 1.9 | 12.7 ± 1.8 | 0.33 * |
| c) Sleep | Uncontrolled | Controlled | Non-asthmatic |
P-value (ANOVA / Kruskal-Wallis) |
| Wake-up-time (h:min) | 6:28 (6:17–6:59) | 7:18 (7:00–7:34) b | 7:01 (6:45–7:20) | < 0.01 ^ |
| Awake minutes per night (min) | 59.9 ± 19.9 | 51.6 ± 16.5 | 53.1 ± 17.5 | 0.19 * |
| Time per awakening (min) | 2.66 ± 0.82 | 2.40 ± 0.87 | 2.36 ± 0.53 b | 0.06 * |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 89.0 ± 3.8 | 91.2 ± 5.0 | 90.4 ± 3.0 | 0.23 * |
| Total sleep time per night (min) | 496 ± 62 | 514 ± 81 | 498 ± 54 | 0.60 * |
| Sleep restlessness before wake-up (counts) | 3.37 (2.56–4.87) | 2.79 (1.91–4.12) | 2.76 (2.48–3.18) b | 0.07 ^ |
| d) Medication use | Uncontrolled | Controlled | Non-asthmatic |
P-value (ANOVA / Kruskal-Wallis) |
| Reliever use (n.o.u.) | 16.5 (1–34) | 3 (0–5) b | – | 0.04 ^ |
| Reliever use after activity (n.o.u.) | 0.5 (0–5.5) | 0 (0–0) b | – | < 0.01 ^ |
| Reliever use before activity (n.o.u.) | 0 (0–5) | 0 (0–0) b | – | < 0.01 ^ |
| Controller adherence (% of prescribed) | 81.1 ± 30.9 | 92.7 ± 19.1 | – | 0.24 * |
| e) Heart rate & respiratory rate | Uncontrolled | Controlled | Non-asthmatic |
P-value (ANOVA / Kruskal-Wallis) |
| Daytime heartrate (beats/min) | 101 ± 17 | 97 ± 16 | 102 ± 10 | 0.08 * |
| Daytime respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 19.7 ± 2.9 | 18.5 ± 2.2 | 19.3 ± 2.0 | 0.16 * |
| Nighttime heartrate (beats/min) | 79 ± 16 | 72 ± 14 | 71 ± 9 | 0.36 * |
| Nighttime respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 17.5 ± 2.6 | 15.6 ± 1.6 b | 15.2 ± 2.2 b | < 0.01 * |
| Heart rate recovery time (seconds) | 54.4 (36.2–111.5) | 27.5 (22.0–51.5) b | 29.0 (20.2–35.1) b | < 0.01 ^ |
| Respiratory rate recovery time (seconds) | 60.7 (35.8–101.3) | 23.1 (15.7–30.5) b | 16.2 (11.1–20.3) b | < 0.01 ^ |
Abbreviations: FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FEF25–75 Forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the expiratory volume, PEF Peak expiratory flow, n.o.u. Number of use, min Minute, h Hour, a.u. Arbitrary unit
aP < =0.05 compared to controlled asthma
bP < =0.05 compared to uncontrolled asthma
*Normally distributed (ANOVA)
^ Not normally distributed and/or inhomogeneity of variances (Kruskal-Wallis)