Table 1.

Key Papers Using High-Resolution Numerical Cloud Models with Bulk Microphysics Schemes to Study the Impact of Microphysical Schemes on Precipitationa^a

Study	Model	Microphysics	Resolution/Vertical Layers	Integration Time	Case(s)
Lin et al. [1983]	2-D	3ICE	200 m/95	48 min	Montana hail event
Cotton et al. [1982,1986]	2-D	3ICE	500 m/31	5h	Orographic snow
Rutledge and Hobbs [1984]	2-D kinematic	3ICE	600 m/20	Steady State	Narrow cold front
Lord et al. [1984]a	2-D axisymmetric	3ICE versus Warm Rain	2 km/20	4.5 days	Idealized
Yoshizaki [1986]c	2-D slab symmetric	3ICE versus Warm Rain	0.5 km/32	4.5 h	12 September GATE squall line
Nicholls [1987]	2-D slab symmetric	3ICE versus Warm Rain	0.5 km/25	5h	12 September GATE squall line
Fovell and Ogura [1988]c,f	2-D slab symmetric	3ICE versus Warm Rain	1 km/31	10 h	Midlatitude squall line
Tao and Simpson [1989,1993]c	2-D and 3-D	3ICE versus Warm Rain	1 km/31	12 h	GATE squall line
Tao et al. [1993]	2-D	3ICE	1 km/31	12 h	GATE squall line
McCumber et al. [1991]d,f	2-D and 3-D	3ICE (graupel versus hail,	1 km/31	12 h	GATE squall line
Wu et al. [1999]	2-D slab symmetric	2ICE versus 3ICE) 2ICE	3 km/52	39 days	TOGA COARE
Ferrier [1994]; Ferrier et al. [1995]c	2-D slab symmetric	two-moment 4ICE	1 km/31	12 h	COHMEX, GATE squall line
Tao et al. [1995]	2-D slab symmetric	3ICE	0.75 and 1 km/31	12 h	EMEX and PRE-STORM
Walko et al. [1995]c	2-D	4ICE	0.3 km/80	30 min	Idealized
Meyers et al. [1997]c,d	2-D	two-moment 4ICE	0.5 km/80	30 min	Idealized
Straka and Mansell [2005]c	3-D	10-ICE	0.5 km/30	~2 h	Idealized
Lang et al. [2007]d	3-D	3ICE	0.25, 1,1.5 km/41	8 h	LBA
Zeng [2008]d	2-D and 3-D	3ICE	1 km/41	40 days	SCSMEX, KWAJEX
Milbrandt and Yau [2005a, 2005b]c	1-D	three moment	N.A./51	50 min	Idealized hail storm
Morrison et al. [2005]c	1-D	two-moment 2ICE	N.A./27	3 days	SHEBA
Morrison and Grabowski [2008]c	2-D	two-moment ICE	50 m/60	90 min	FIRE-ACE Idealized
Reisner et al. [1998]c	MMS	3ICE and two-moment ICE	2.2 km/27	6 h	Winter storms
Thompson et al. [2004]c	2-D MMS	3ICE	10 km/39	3 h	Idealized
Thompson et al. [2008]d	2-D WRF	3ICE	10 km/39	6 h	Idealized
Colle and Mass [2000]	MMS	3ICE	1.33 km/38	96 h	Orographic flooding
Colle and Zeng [2004]f	2-D MMS	3ICE	1.33 km/39	12 h	Orographic
Colle et al. [2005]f	MMS	3ICE	1.33 km/320	36 h	IMPROVE
Yang and Ching [2005]a	MMS	3ICE	6.67 km/23	2.5 days	Typhoon Toraji (2001)
Zhu and Zhang [2006b]a	MMS	3ICE	4 km/24	5 days	Hurricane Bonnie (1998)
Wang [2002]a	TCM3-hydrostatic	3ICE	5 km/21	5 days	Idealized
Hong et al. [2004]c	2-D WRF	3ICE	250 m/80	1 h	Idealized
Li and Pu [2008]a	3-D WRF WRF	2ICE and 3ICE	45 km/23 3 km/31	48 h 1.25 days	Korea heavy rain event Hurricane Emily (2005)
Jankov et al. [2005, 2007]a	WRF	2ICE and 3ICE	12 km/31	1 day	IHOP
Dudhia et al. [2008]a	WRF	3ICE	5 km/31	1.5 days	Korean heavy snow event
Tao and Moncrieff [2009];	WRF	2ICE and 3ICE	1 km/41	1.5 days	IHOP and Hurricane Katrina (2005)
Tao et al. [2011a]		3ICE and 4ICE	1.667 km/31	3 days
Han et al. [2013]e	WRF	one- and two-moment 3ICE	1.3 km/52	2 days	Northern California winter cyclone
Iguchi et al. [2012a, 2012b]	WRF	3ICE and SBM	1 km/60	36 h	C3VP and MC3E
Li et al. [2009a, 2009b]e	2-D GCE	3ICE and SBM	1 km/33	12 h	PRE-STORM
Del Genio et al. [2012]	WRF	two-moment 3ICE	600 m/50	3 days	TWP-ICE
Gilmore et al. [2004]d	SAM	3ICE	1 km/40	2 h	Idealized
Powell et al. [2012]e	WRF	one- and two-moment 3ICE	3 km/61	24 h and 30 h	AMMA
Tao et al. [2013]d	WRF	3ICE	2 km/41	2 days	MC3E
Wu et al. [2013]e	WRF	2ICE and 3ICE	3 km/41	2 days	SGP MCSs
Lang et al. [2011]d	3-D GCE	3ICE	250 and 500 m/70	6 h and 72 h	TRMM LBA and KWAJEX
Morrison and Grabowski [2008]e	2-D WRF	one- and two-moment 3ICE	250 m/N.A.	7 h	Idealized
Varble et al. [2014a, 2014b]e	Multiple models	one- and two-moment 3ICE	917 m and 1 km/50 or 120	6 days	TWP-ICE
Fridlind et al. [2012]e	Multiple models	one- and two-moment 2ICE/3ICE	900 m–3 km/N.A.	6 days	TWP-ICE
Van Weverberg et al. [2012a]d	ARPS	3ICE	3 km/50	30 h	Convective and stratiform cases
Van Weverberg et al. [2012b]e	2-D WRF	two-moment 3ICE and 4ICE	1 km/40	5 h	Idealized
Van Weverberg et al. [2013]	WRF	two-moment 3ICE	1 km/40	5 h	Idealized and TWP-ICE
Van Weverberg et al. [2013]e	WRF	one- and two-moment 2ICE and 3ICE	4 km/35	7 days	TWP-ICE
Bryan and Morrison [2012]e	3-DCM1	one- and two-moment 3ICE	250 m/100	9 h	Idealized
Morrison and Milbrandt [2011]e	WRF	two-moment 3ICE and 4ICE	1 km/500 m	2 h	Idealized
Morrison and Grabowski [2007]e	2-D kinematic	two-moment 3ICE w/bin warm rain	N.A.	N.A.	Idealized
Luo et al. [2010]de	WRF	one- and two-moment 3ICE	3.3 km/30	1 day	Mei-Yu front
Li et al. [2008]	3-D University of Utah CRM	3ICE	500 m/N.A.	3 days	KWAJEX MCS
Molthan and Colle [2012]	WRF	one- and two-moment 3ICE	9, 3,1 km/34	1 day	C3VP synoptic snow event
Guy et al. [2013]	3-D GCE	3ICE	1 km/63	>10 h	AMMA 2 Sahel MCSs
Lang et al. [2014]	3-D GCE	3ICE and 4ICE	200 m and 1 km/70 and 76	6 h and 96 h	TRMM LBA and MC3E MCS
Saleeby and Cotton [2004]c	3-D RAMS	one- and two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme and Drizzle mode	2.0 km/40	2 h	Idealized supercell
Saleeby et al. [2007]c	3-D RAMS	two-moment, new ice fall speeds	3.0 km/35	36 h	Winter synoptic case/orographic
Saleeby and Cotton [2008]c	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE	2.0 km/45	27 h	Orographic snowfall
Saleeby et al. [2010]f	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	1.25 km/50	48 h	Warm and mixed-phase maritime cumulus
Saleeby et al. [2009, 2013]f	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	750 m/45 600 m/45	42 h	Orographic snowfall
Saleeby and van den Heever [2013]c	2-D and 3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	200 m/50 m 1 km/0.1–1 km 3 km/75–800 m	1 day 2 h 42 h	Shallow warm rain Deep convection Orographic snowfall
Saleeby et al. [2015]f	3-D RAMS	two-moment, Aerosol scheme	250 m/40	36 h	ATEX
Igel et al. [2013]f	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	3.0 km/45	48 h	Synoptic warm front
Igel et al. [2015]f	3-D RAM	one- and two-moment SICE	70–750 m/65	10 days	RCE
Grant and van den Heever [2015]f	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	25–300 m/92	3 h	Idealized supercell
Grant and van den Heever [2014]f	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	100 m–1.0 km/57	16 h	Idealized sea breeze convection
van den Heever and Cotton 2004]e	3-D RAMS	SICE, specified hail diameter	1.0 km/35	2 h	Idealized supercell
van den Heever et al. [2006]f	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	500 m/36	12 h	CRYSTAL-FACE Deep convection
van den Heever and Cotton [2007]f	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	1.5 km/40	26 h	St. Louis urban convection
van den Heever et al. [2011]f	2-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	1.0 km/38	100 days	Radiative convective equilibrium
Herbener et al. [2014]f	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	2.0 km/56	144 h	Idealized TC
Seigel et al. [2013]f	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	500 m/70	7 h	Idealized continental squall line
Seigel and van den Heever [2013]e	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, varied hail size	500 m/65	7 h	Idealized continental squall line
Adams-Selin et al. [2013a]e	WRF	SICE versus 6ICE	1.0 km/72	6 h	Oklahoma bow echo
Adams-Selin et al. [2013b]e	WRF	Multiple WRF schemes	3.0 km/35	24 h	Oklahoma bow echo
Storer et al. [2010]f	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	1.0 km/35	5.5 h	Idealized supercell
Storer and van den Heever [2013]f	3-D RAMS	two-moment SICE, Aerosol scheme	1.0 km/65	100 days	RCE deep convection
Zhu et al. [2012]e	Multiple models	one- and two-moment 3ICE	1–2.8 km/50–92	33 h	TWP-ICE
Varble et al. [2014a, 2014b]e	Multiple models	one- and two-moment 3ICE	917 m and 1 km/76–103	33 h	TWP-ICE

^aModel type (2-D or 3-D), microphysical scheme (one moment or multimoment), horizontal resolution and number of vertical layers, integration time, and case(s) are listed. TCM3 stands for the “Tropical Cyclone Model with triple nested movable mesh.” RCE is radiative-convective equilibrium, SGP the southern Great Plains, ATEX the AMMA the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses, TWP-ICE the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment, CRYSTAL-FACE the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers—Florida Area Cirrus Experiment, IMPROVE the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment, EMEX the Equatorial Monsoon Experiment, SCSMEX the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment, KWAJEX the Kwajalein Experiment, PRE-STORM the Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM-Central, TOGA-COARE the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment, GATE the Global Atmospheric Research Program’s Atlantic Tropical Experiment, SHEBA the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean Experiment, COHMEX the Cooperative Huntsville Meteorological Experiment, and FIRE-ACE the FIRE Artic Cloud Experiment.

^bComparison with the present study.

^cDevelopment of a new scheme.

^dExisting schemes.

^eDifferent schemes.

^fProcess (budget) studies.