Table 1.
Sample Frequencies, Scale Means, Standard Deviations, and Internal consistency, N = 2604
| 2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N | % | N | % | N | % |
| Academic grades | ||||||
| Mostly As/Bs | 1797 | 80.5 | 1689 | 77.5 | 1702 | 74.9 |
| Mostly Cs | 327 | 14.7 | 362 | 16.6 | 399 | 17.6 |
| Mostly Ds/Fs | 106 | 4.8 | 129 | 5.9 | 171 | 7.5 |
| Biological sex | ||||||
| Female/male | 1138/950 | 54.5/45.5 | ||||
| Race† | ||||||
| White/all other races | 1817/280 | 86.7/13.3 | ||||
| Maternal education | ||||||
| Coll grad/HSgrad | 696/615 | 34.2/30.2 | ||||
| Less than HS/not sure | 146/581 | 7.2/28.4 | ||||
| Family structure (lives with) | ||||||
| Biological parents/other arrangement | 1195/902 | 57.0/43.0 | ||||
| Scale variable | M(SD) | α | M(SD) | α | M(SD) | α |
| Student-teacher relationships | 3.6 (0.8) | 0.91 | 3.4 (0.9) | 0.93 | 3.3 (0.9) | 0.94 |
| Order, safety, and discipline | 3.7 (0.8) | 0.85 | 3.6 (0.9) | 0.88 | 3.5 (0.9) | 0.90 |
| Student engagement | 3.8 (0.8) | 0.86 | 3.7 (0.9) | 0.88 | 3.6 (0.9) | 0.89 |
Coll, College; HS, High School; Grad, Graduate; α, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.105
Missing observations were handled using pairwise techniques.
†
Race has been included to show sample homogeneity.