Table 1.
Population Demographics
| Patient Characteristics | Subclinical | Outcomes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diastolic Dysfunction Total Cohort (n = 162) |
Subclinical Group 1 (n = 81) |
HFpEF Group 2 (n = 81) |
p-value* Group 1 vs. Group 2 |
|
| Age at diagnosis of Diastolic Dysfunction | 69.6 ± 10.1 | 68.8 ± 9.9 | 70.5 ± 10.3 | 0.289 |
| Gender (% female) | 67.9% | 67.9% | 67.9% | 1.000 |
| Race (% White, remainder Black) | 77.8% | 77.8% | 77.8% | 1.000 |
| Weight (lb) | 194.9 ± 59.3 | 193.5 ± 53.5 | 196.4 ± 64.9 | 0.757 |
| Height (in) | 65.6 ± 4.2 | 65.6 ± 4.1 | 65.6 ± 4.4 | 0.985 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.95 ± 0.28 | 1.95 ± 0.27 | 1.95 ± 0.30 | 0.987 |
| Interval until diagnosis of HFpEF (years) | N/A | N/A | 5.4 ± 2.8 | |
| Age at diagnosis of HFpEF | N/A | N/A | 74.0 ± 10.5 | |
| Age at death OR last known alive | 76.8 ± 10.3 | 76.0 ± 9.9 | 77.6 ± 10.7 | 0.319 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 66 (40.1) | 26 (32.1) | 40 (49.4) | 0.038 |
| NT-Pro B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) (n) | 8178 ± 14,346 (72) | 2148 ± 3026 (21) | 10,661 ± 16,341 (51) | 0.021 |
| Diastolic Dysfunction Severity (n) | (n = 162) | (n = 81) | (n = 81) | |
| Mild: E/A < 1, average e’ ≤ 9 cm/s | 28 (17.3%) | 7 (8.6%) ↓ | 21 (25.9%) ↑ | 0.011 |
| Moderate: E/A ≥ 1, average e’ ≤ 9 cm/s | 125 (77.2%) | 68 (84.0%) | 57 (70.4%) | |
| Severe: E/A ≥ 2, average e’ ≤ 9 cm/s | 9 (5.6%) | 6 (7.4%) ↑ | 3 (3.7%) ↓ | |
| Degree of cardiac hypertrophy (n) | (n = 152) | (n = 77) | (n = 75) | |
| None | 90 (59.2%) | 51 (66.2%) ↑ | 39 (52.0%) ↓ | 0.053 |
| Mild | 26 (17.1%) | 15 (19.5%) | 11 (14.7%) | |
| Moderate | 14 (9.2%) | 4 (5.2%) ↓ | 10 (13.3%) ↑ | |
| Severe | 22 (14.5%) | 7 (9.1%) ↓ | 15 (20.0%) ↑ | |
| Chronic Kidney Disease Stage (n) | (n = 147) | (n = 70) | (n = 77) | |
| Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | 0.100 | |||
| Stage 1–2 GFR > 60 mL/min/1.73m2) | 63 (42.9%) | 34 (48.6%) | 29 (37.7%) | |
| Stage 3a (GFR 45–59 mL/min/1.73m2) | 32 (21.8%) | 18 (25.7%) | 14 (18.2%) | |
| Stage 3b (GFR 30–45 mL/min/1.73m2) | 26 (17.7%) | 8 (11.4%) | 18 (23.4%) | |
| Stage 4 (GFR 15–30 mL/min/1.73m2) | 11 (7.5%) | 6 (8.6%) | 5 (6.5%) | |
| Stage 5a (GFR < 15, mL/min/1.73m2) | 15 (10.2%) | 4 (5.7%) | 11 (14.3%) | |
| History of co-morbidities, (n) | n = 151 to 157 | n = 75 to 76 | n = 76 to 81 | |
| Hypertension | 81.5% | 76.3% | 86.4% | 0.154 |
| Diabetes | 42.0% | 27.6% | 55.6% | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 44.2% | 25% | 62.5% | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol use | 53.6% | 58.7% | 48.7% | 0.286 |
| Tobacco use | 56.1% | 57.9% | 54.4% | 0.785 |
| Coronary artery disease | 51.3% | 42.7% | 59.3% | 0.056 |
| Cerebral vertebral accident/transient ischemic attack | 18.1% | 13.3% | 22.5% | 0.203 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 29.3% | 19.7% | 38.3% | 0.018 |
| Medication Use by Class (n) | n = 154 to 155 | n = 73 to 74 | n = 81 | |
| Beta blockers | 68.2% | 63.0% | 72.8% | 0.257 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 27.3% | 28.8% | 25.9% | 0.831 |
| ACE inhibitors | 23.4% | 17.8% | 28.4% | 0.174 |
| Angiotensin blockers | 18.2% | 15.1% | 21.0% | 0.458 |
| Digoxin | 5.8% | 0.0% | 11.1% | 0.009 |
| Diuretics | 52.6% | 35.6% | 67.9% | < 0.001 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 11.7% | 19.2% | 4.9% | 0.013 |
n = total number of patients in each cohort or n = number of patients with available data
*categorical values are presented as counts and percentages; continuous variables are presented as mean ± 95% confidence interval
↑ indicates higher than expected by chance
↓ indicates lower than expected by chance