Table 2.
Phenotypic Comparisons Among Clusters
| Cluster A (n = 7) |
Cluster B (n = 59) |
Cluster C (n = 95) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HFpEF % (n) | 71.4% (7) | 59.3% (59) | 42.1% (95) | 0.058 |
| Gender Male/Female (n) | 4 / 3 (7) | 28↑ / 31↓(59) | 20↓ / 75↑ (95) | 0.001 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease (n) | (5) | (50) | (91) | 0.031 |
| Stage 1–2 | 0 ↓ | 18 | 44 | |
| Stage 3a | 1 | 8 | 23 | |
| Stage 3b | 3 ↑ | 10 | 13 | |
| Stage 4 | 1 | 5 | 5 | |
| Stage 5a | 0 | 9 ↑ | 6 | |
| NT-Pro B-type natriuretic peptide, pg/ml (n) | 22,211 ± 63,387 (3) | 13,816 ± 7801 (26) | 3850 ± 2027 (42) | 0.035§ |
|
Echocardiography Two-Dimensional Measurements | ||||
| LV posterior wall in diastole, cm (n) | 1.37 ± 0.38 (7) | 1.27 ± 0.06 (59) | 1.06 ± 0.04 (95) | < 0.001* |
| LV posterior wall in systole, cm (n) | 2.00 ± 0.48 (7) | 1.91 ± 0.09 (58) | 1.61 ± 0.05 (89) | < 0.001* |
| Ventricular septal wall diastole, cm (n) | 1.44 ± 0.35 (7) | 1.28 ± 0.06 (59) | 1.1 ± 0.04 (95) | < 0.001* |
| LV mass, g (n) | 276.09 ± 104.71 (7) | 236.22 ± 18.15 (56) | 162.75 ± 8.21 (89) | < 0.001* |
| LV mass index, g/m2 (n) | 142.97 ± 44.83 (7) | 114.72 ± 8.89 (56) | 86.87 ± 4.07 (89) | < 0.001† |
| Cardiac Hypertrophy Severity (n) | (7) | (56) | (89) | < 0.001 |
| None (count, %) | 0 0.0% ↓ | 23 41.1% ↓ | 67 75.3% ↑ | |
| Mild (count, %) | 3 42.9% | 9 16.1% | 14 15.7% | |
| Moderate (count, %) | 1 14.3% | 8 14.3% | 5 5.6% | |
| Severe (count, %) | 3 42.9% ↑ | 16 28.6% ↑ | 3 3.4% ↓ | |
| Fractional shortening, % (n) | 41.44 ± 11.63 (7) | 34.34 ± 2.77 (57) | 33.33 ± 1.83 (93) | 0.027‡ |
| LV ejection fraction, % (n) | 65.6 ± 8.08 (6) | 60.23 ± 1.9 (49) | 60.68 ± 1.18 (77) | 0.024|| |
| LV end-diastolic volume, mL (n) | 133.09 ± 48.09 (6) | 97.77 ± 10.17 (50) | 75.41 ± 5.19 (81) | < 0.001† |
| End-diastolic volume index, mL/m2 (n) | 70.35 ± 18.22 (6) | 47.26 ± 4.61 (50) | 40.23 ± 2.45 (81) | < 0.001† |
| LV end-systolic volume, mL (n) | 45.79 ± 23.32 (7) | 40 ± 4.46 (49) | 29.94 ± 2.41 (79) | 0.003* |
| End-systolic volume index, mL/m2 (n) | 23.75 ± 10.06 (7) | 19.30 ± 1.94 (49) | 15.93 ± 1.14 (79) | 0.001 * |
| Relative Wall thickness (n) | 0.60 ± 0.19 (7) | 0.55 ± 0.04 (58) | 0.49 ± 0.02 (95) | 0.080 |
| Left atrium linear dimension, cm (n) | 4.24 ± 0.9 (7) | 4.24 ± 0.16 (59) | 3.80 ± 0.11 (94) | 0.044 # |
| Doppler Measurements | ||||
| Mitral peak E velocity, cm/s (n) | 118.02 ± 17.42 (7) | 111.79 ± 8.29 (56) | 98.4 ± 4.8 (95) | 0.081 |
| Mitral peak A velocity, cm/s (n) | 102.83 ± 40.87 (6) | 89.7 ± 9.51 (55) | 78.75 ± 4.58 (94) | 0.064 |
| Stroke volume LVOT, mL (n) | 97.19 ± 35.38 (7) | 83.97 ± 5.34 (28) | 72.05 ± 5.73 (35) | 0.003* |
| Stoke volume index LVOT, mL/m2 (n) | 52.56 ± 20.84 (7) | 41.61 ± 3.24 (26) | 37.87 ± 3.23 (35) | 0.002** |
| LVOT velocity max, cm/s (n) | 137.59 ± 37.81 (7) | 114.64 ± 5.67 (59) | 103.51 ± 3.43 (94) | < 0.001† |
| LVOT velocity mean, cm/s (n) | 95.76 ± 25.68 (7) | 78.75 ± 3.96 (59) | 70.24 ± 2.22 (93) | < 0.001† |
| LVOT max gradient, mmHg (n) | 8.15 ± 3.83 (7) | 5.53 ± 0.53 (57) | 4.39 ± 0.29 (87) | < 0.001† |
| LVOT mean gradient, mmHg (n) | 4.39 ± 1.91 (7) | 2.93 ± 0.28 (57) | 2.28 ± 0.14 (87) | < 0.001† |
| Aortic valve velocity max, cm/s (n) | 364.35 ± 58.11 (7) | 215.16 ± 16.83 (59) | 174.47 ± 8.48 (94) | < 0.001† |
| Aortic valve velocity mean, cm/s (n) | 243.57 ± 48.05 (7) | 149.42 ± 12.01 (59) | 118.26 ± 5.39 (93) | < 0.001† |
| Aortic valve max gradient, mmHg (n) | 55.99 ± 18.79 (7) | 20.17 ± 3.06 (59) | 12.97 ± 1.26 (93) | < 0.001† |
| Aortic valve mean gradient, mmHg (n) | 28.18 ± 10.8 (7) | 10.9 ± 1.71 (59) | 6.63 ± 0.61 (93) | < 0.001† |
Categorical values are presented as counts and percentages; continuous variables are presented as mean ± 95% confidence interval. LV left ventricle, LVOT LV outflow tract
n = total number of patients in each cohort or n = number of patients with available data
↑ or ↓indicates higher or lower than expected by chance
*Clusters A & B differ from Cluster C (Newman-Keuls/Duncan’s)
† All Clusters differ from each other (Newman-Keuls)
‡ Only Cluster A differs from Cluster C (Duncan’s)
|| Only Cluster A differs from Cluster B (Duncan’s)
# ANOVA is significant but multiple comparisons (Newman-Keuls and Duncan’s) show all clusters overlap each other
** Clusters B & C differ from Cluster A (Newman-Keuls)