Table 4.

Summary of Studies on the Effect of CON on Quality for Procedures Other than Cardiac Surgery

STUDY	DESIGN	STATES	YEARS	CONTROLS	KEY FINDINGS	NOTES
Zinn [29]	Cross-sectional	50	1987	Facility characteristics	Moratorium on building makes nursing home patients 7% more likely to be physically restrained, reduced RNs per patient 32%	Physical restraint increases 2.5 pp. from a 36% base; RNs per patient falls 1.3 pp. from a .04 base
Ford and Kasserman [17]	Time series of cross sections	50	1982–1989	State characteristics	Both presence of CON and CON stringency have a significant negative impact on both entry of new firms and expansion of capacity in dialysis industry	No direct evidence on quality; authors show CON increases market concentration, then cite other work saying that concentration reduces quality