Table 1.
Medicinal plants used in treatment of symptoms of TB in East Africa
| Botanical name | Family | Local Names | Habit | Part used | Country | Author (s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acacia ataxacantha DC | Fabaceae | Not reported | Tree | Roots | Kenya | [28] |
| Acacia hockii De Wild. | Fabaceae | Kasana (Luganda), Kashiono | Tree | Leaves, Stem bark | Uganda | [7, 10] |
| Acacia horrida (L.) | Fabaceae | Lerai (Samburu) | Tree | Stem bark | Kenya | [29] |
| Acacia mearnsii De Wild. | Fabaceae | Burikoti | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [10] |
| Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. Ex Delile | Fabaceae | Sunut | Tree | Fruit | South Sudan | [30] |
| Acacia polyacantha Willd. | Fabaceae | Egirigirioi | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [10] |
| Acacia senegal | Fabaceae | Lderekesi (Samburu) | Tree | Stem bark | Kenya | [29] |
| Acacia spectabilis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. | Fabaceae | Gasiya (Luganda) | Tree | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Acanthus pubescens (Thomson ex Oliv.) Engl. | Acanthaceae | Matovu, Itojo | Herb | Roots | Uganda, Kenya | [10, 12] |
| Achyranthes aspera L. | Amaranthaceae | Muhurura | Herb | Flower | Uganda | [10] |
| Achyrospermum carvalhoi Gürke | Lamiaceae | Kanyamafundo | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Acokanthera friesiorum | Apocynaceae | Chipilikwa (Samburu) | Tree | Leaves | Kenya | [29] |
| Adenia gummifera | Passifloraceae | Chepnyalildet (Nandi) | Climber | Roots | Kenya | [31] |
| Adhatoda engleriana Lindau C.B. Clarke | Acanthaceae | Iringoringo (Chagga) | Herb | Roots | Tanzania | [32] |
| Ageratum conyzoides L. | Asteraceae | Namirembe (Luganda) | Herb | Whole plant | Uganda | [7] |
| Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms | Cornaceae | Omusiisa (Luganda) | Herb | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Albizia anthelmitica | Fabaceaa | Lamurtana (Samburu) | Tree | Stem bark | Kenya | [29] |
| Albizia coriaria Welw. Ex Oliv | Fabaceae | Mugavu (Luganda), Etek (Lango), Musita (Lusoga), Omusesa (Runyangkore), Omubele (Wanga) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda, Kenya | [7–10, 12, 33] |
| Albizia species | Fabaceae | Ennongo (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Albizia versicola | Fabaceae | Not reported | Tree | Leaves | Tanzania, Kenya | [12] |
| Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr. | Fabaceae | Ekegonchori (Kuria) | Tree | Roots | Kenya | [12] |
| Allium sativum L. | Alliaceae | Kitungu saumu (Luo), Garlic (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda, Kenya | [10, 12] |
| Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. | Asphodelaceae | Kigaji (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Aloe secundiflora Engl. | Aloaceae | Sukuroi (Samburu), Osukuroi (Masai), Kiluma (Kamba) | Herb | Leaves | Kenya | [12, 34] |
| Amaranthus spinosus | Amaranthaceae | Kidodo (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. | Combretaceae | Sahab | Tree | Stem bark | South Sudan | [30, 35] |
| Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. | Moraceae | Kirundu (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Asparagus africanus Lam. | Asparagaceae | Mukira gwango (Luganda) | Climber | Stem bark | Uganda | [10] |
| Aspilia africana (Pers.) C.D. Adams | Asteraceae | Makaayi (Luganda) Emaruoit | Herb | Root bark, Leaves | Uganda | [7, 10] |
| Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf. | Asteraceae | Rirangera | Herb | Roots | Kenya | [28] |
| Azadirachta indica L. | Meliaceae | Muarubaini (Kamba) | Tree | Seeds | Kenya | [12] |
| Azadirachta indica A. Juss. | Meliaceae | Neem tree (Luganda) | Tree | Leaves, stem bark | Uganda | [7, 10] |
| Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile | Zygophyllaceae | Olngosua (Maasai), Ekorete | Shrub | Stem bark | Tanzania, Kenya; Uganda | [10, 12] |
| Bersama abyssinica Fres. | Melianthaceae | Kipsigriet (Sabaot), Kibuimetiet (Nandi) | Tree | Leaves | Kenya | [36] |
| Bidens pilosa L. | Asteraceae | Sere, Labika (Luganda), Kalala (Lusoga), ononot (Lango) | Herb | Flowers, Leaves | Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi | [7, 10, 37, 38] |
| Blighia unijugata Baker | Sapindaceae | Enkuza nyana (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. | Capparaceae | Kursan; Mukheit | Shrub | Not reported | South Sudan | [35] |
| Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. | Euphorbiaceae | Katazamitti (Luganda), Umugimbu, | Tree | Stem bark, Root | Uganda, Burundi | [7, 38] |
| Brillantaisia owariensis P. Beauv. | Acanthaceae | Icuga | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Cadaba farinosa Forssk | Capparaceae | Lumuriai (Samburu), Akado marateng (Luo) | Shrub | Not reported | Kenya | [39] |
| Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels | Myrtaceae | Mwabalabutonya (Luganda) | Shrub | Leaves, Stem bark | Uganda | [7, 9, 10] |
| Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. | Burseraceae | Muwafu (Luganda), Mubafu (Lusoga, Rutoro) | Tree | Stem bark, stem, roots | Uganda, Kenya | [7, 9, 12] |
| Canephora pierre ex A. Froehner | Rubiaceae | Emwanyi (Luganda) | Shrub | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Capparis erythrocarpos Isert | Capparaceae | Muzingani omwelu, Kitunku ekitono | Shrub | Roots | Uganda | [10] |
| Capparis tomentosa Lam. | Capparaceae | Muzingani omwelu, Kitunku ekitono | Shrub | Roots | Uganda | [10] |
| Carica papaya L. | Caricaceae | Amapapali, Paapali essajja (Luganda), Mupapali omusaiza (Lusoga), Apapalu (Lango) | Shrub | Leaves, Stem | Uganda | [7, 9, 10] |
| Carissa edulis (Forsk.) Vahl | Apocynaceae | Muyonza, Ekamuriei (Ateso) | Shrub | Roots | Uganda | [10] |
| Cassine buchananii Loes. | Celastraceae | Mbaluka (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark, Leaves | Uganda | [8] |
| Catha edulis Forsk. | Celastraceae | Chemgangoi (Sabaot) | Shrub | Stem bark | Kenya | [36] |
| Celosia trigyna L. | Amaranthaceae | Kakubaggiri (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Chaetacme aristata Planch. | Ulmaceae | Embutami (Luganda) | Tree | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | Lauraceae | Mudalasini (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Cissampelos pereira L. | Menispermaceae | Karigi munana | Liana | Roots | Kenya | [28] |
| Cissus quinquangularis L. | Vitaceae | Sukurtuti | Herb | Roots | Kenya | [12, 34] |
| Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck | Rutaceae | Nimawa | Tree | Fruit | Uganda | [9] |
| Combretum molle R.Br. ex. G. Don. | Combretaceae | Ndagi, Loro (Lango) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7, 8, 10] |
| Commiphora species | Burseraceae | Oltemuai (Sabaot) | Shrub | Not reported | Kenya | [40] |
| Commiphora edulis (Klotzsch) | Burseraceae | Not reported | Shrub | Stem bark, Leaves | Kenya | [12, 26] |
| Commiphora ellenbeckii Engl. | Burseraceae | Not reported | Shrub | Stem bark, Leaves | Kenya | [26] |
| Commiphora mildbraedii Engl. | Burseraceae | Not reported | Shrub | Stem bark, Root bark | Kenya | [26] |
| Cordia africana Lam | Boraginaceae | Not reported | Tree | Roots | Tanzania, Kenya | [12] |
| Crassocephalum vitellinum | Apiaceae | Akayungubira | Herb | Leaves | Burundi | [38] |
| Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G.Don) Benth. | Rubiaceae | Not reported | Tree | Roots | Tanzania, Kenya | [12] |
| Croton dichogamus Pax. | Euphorbiaceae | Oloiborrbenek (Massai) | Shrub | Roots | Tanzania, Kenya | [12] |
| Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Del | Euphorbiaceae | Omutswitswi (Wanga), Mukinduri (Kikuyu) | Tree | Leaves, Roots | Kenya | [33] |
| Croton sylvaticus | Euphorbiaceae | Not reported | Tree | Roots | Tanzania | [41] |
| Croton zambesicus | Euphorbiaceae | Um-Gilagla | Tree | Fruit | South Sudan | [42, 43] |
| Cryptolepis sanguinolenta | Apocynaceae | Kafulu (Luganda) | Shrub | Roots | Kenya, Uganda | [12, 44] |
| Cymbopogon citratus D.C. ex Stapf | Poaceae | Kisubi (Luganda), Akisube (Ateso), Lum cai (Lango) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Cyperus latifolius Poir. | Cyperasaceae | Ekekeriaut | Herb | Roots | Uganda | [10] |
| Cyperus rotundus L. Subsp. rotundus | Cyperasaceae | Ekekeriaut | Herb | Roots | Uganda | [10] |
| Cyphostemma adenocaule | Vitaceae | Lordo (Samburu) | Herb | Not reported | Kenya | [34] |
| Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. | Fabaceae | Not reported | Tree | Stem bark | Kenya | [28] |
| Datura stramonium | Solanaceae | Not reported | Herb | Leaves | Rwanda | [45] |
| Desmodium salicifolium (Poir.) D.C. | Fabaceae | Enkolimbo (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Desmodium repandum (Vahl) DC. | Papilionaceae | Ituza | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight and Arn | Fabaceae | Chinjiri (Digo) | Tree | Roots | Kenya | [28] |
| Dodonaea angustifolia L. f. | Sapindaceae | Musambya (Luganda) | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Dracaena steudneri Engl. | Asparagaceae | Kajjolyenjovu (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda, Kenya | [7, 9, 10, 12] |
| Dychrostachys glomerata (DG) (Forssk.) | Fabaceae | Not reported | Tree | Leaves, Roots | Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania | [10, 12, 29] |
| Embelia schimperi Vatke | Myrsinaceae | Sachuonet (Ogiek) | Tree | Stem bark | Kenya | [46] |
| Entada abbysinica A. Rich. | Fabaceae | Laginaria (Luo) Mwolola (Luganda) | Shrub | Roots, Stem bark, Leaves | Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania | [7, 10, 12, 29] |
| Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. | Fabaceae | Ejjirikiti (Luganda), Kiko Omoko (Rutoro), Oluo (Lugbara), Owila kot (Lango), Muyirikiti (Lusoga), Omotembe (Kisii)Muhuti (Kikuyu), Umurinzi | Tree | Stem bark, leaves | Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi | [7–10, 12, 38, 45, 47] |
| Eucalyptus species | Myrtaceae | Kalintusi (Luganda) | Tree | Leaves, Stem bark | Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda | [7–10, 12, 47, 48] |
| Euclea divinorum Hiern | Ebenaceae | Emus, Kasalagala/Muda (Lusoga) | Shrub | Roots | Uganda | [10] |
| Euphorbia ingens E.Mey. ex Boiss. | Euphorbiaceae | Not reported | Tree | Roots | Kenya | [28] |
| Euphorbia schimperiana Scheele | Euphorbiaceae | Kazagamira (Luganda) | Tree | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Faidherbia albida (Del.) Chevi. | Fabaceae | Haraz | Tree | Leaves | South Sudan | [42] |
| Ficus glumosa Delile | Moraceae | Muwo (Luganda) | Shrub | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Ficus natalensis Hochst. | Moraceae | Omutuba (Luganda), Mugaire (Lusoga) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Ficus platyphylla Delile | Moraceae | Mudodwe | Shrub | Stem bark | Uganda | [10] |
| Ficus saussureana | Moraceae | Omuwo (Luganda) | Shrub | Stem bark | Uganda | [8] |
| Fleurya aestuans (L.) Gaudich. ex Miq. | Urticaceae | Munyango (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Garcinia buchananii Baker | Clusiaceae | Musaali (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark, Root bark | Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania | [7, 10, 12] |
| Gnaphalium purpureum L. | Asteraceae | Omuya (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Gnidia buchananii Gilg | Thymelaeaceae | Not reported | Herb | Roots | Kenya | [49] |
| Gomphocarpus physocarpus E. Mey. | Apocynaceae | Gashaho | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Gutenbergia cordifolia Benth. ex Oliv. | Asteraceae | Ekoutapem | Herb | Roots, Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. | Simaroubaceae | Mutagataga (Meru), Osiro (Luo), Orongoriwe (Kuria), Lushaike | Shrub | Stem bark | Uganda, Kenya | [10, 50, 51] |
| Harungana madagascariensis Lam.ex Pior | Hypericaceae | Mukabiiransiko (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark, Leaves | Uganda | [8] |
| Helichrysum odoratissimum (L.) | Asteraceae | Lweza (luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Heterotis canescens | Melastomataceae | Umusomaw’a-bungere, | Herb | Leaves | Burundi | [38] |
| Hibiscus fuscus Garcke | Malvaceae | Lusaala (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Hoslundia opposita Vahl | Lamiaceae | Cheroronit, Cherungut (Nandi), Nfodo (Lusoga) | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda, Kenya | [10, 31] |
| Hypericum revolutum Vahl | Clusiaceae | Mushungwa | Tree | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Hypoestes verticillaris (L.f.) Sol. | Acanthaceae | Narubat (Ogiek) | Herb | Roots | Kenya | [46] |
| Iboza multiflora (Benth.) E. A. Bruce | Lamiaceae | Iseja | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Iboza riparia (Hochst.) N. E. Br. | Lamiaceae | Muravumba | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Indigofera emarginella Steud. ex A. Rich. | Fabaceae | Olutunga nsonzi (Luganda) | Shrub | Leaves, Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Indigofera lupatana Baker F | Fabaceae | Not reported | Shrub | Roots | Kenya | [28] |
| Kalanchoe glaucescens Planch. ex Benth | Crassulaceae | Ekiyondo ekyeru (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [7, 9] |
| Kalanchoe integra | Crassulaceae | Not reported | Shrub | Leaves | Rwanda | [48] |
| Khaya senegalensis | Meliaceae | Not reported | Tree | Leaves, Stem bark | South Sudan | [52] |
| Lagenaria sphaerica (Sond.) Naudin | Cucurbitaceae | Mutanga | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Lantana camara L. | Verbenaceae | Kayukiyuki (Luganda), Owinybilo (Lango), Kanpanga (Ateso) | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [7, 10, 53] |
| Lantana trifolia | Verbenaceae | Not reported | Shrub | Leaves | Rwanda | [48] |
| Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. | Lamiaceae | Susuni | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Leucas calostachys Oliv. | Lamiaceae | Kakuba musulo (Luganda) | Shrub | Leaves, Whole plant | Uganda | [8] |
| Lippia grandifolia Hochst. ex A. Rich | Verbenaceae | Olugumaguma (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Lonchocarpus eriocalyx Harms | Fabaceae | Not reported | Tree | Stem bark | Kenya | [11, 28] |
| Maesa lanceolata Forssk. | Myrsinaceae | Muhanga | Tree | Roots | Uganda | [10] |
| Mangifera indica L. | Anacardiaceae | Muyembe (Luganda), Aeme (Lango) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda, Kenya | [7, 9, 10, 12, 47] |
| Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) | Celastraceae | Naligwalimu (Luganda), Muwaiswa, Eterka, Itereka (Lango) | Shrub | Root bark, Leaves | Uganda | [7, 10] |
| Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) | Asteraceae | Kabilili akatono (Luganda) | Shrub | Roots | Uganda | [10] |
| Microgramma lycopodiodes (L.) Copel | Polypodiaceae | Kukumba (Luganda) | Herb | Roots, Leaves | Uganda | [8] |
| Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg | Moraceae | Muvule (Luganda) | Tree | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Momordica foetida Schumach. | Cucurbitaceae | Bombo (Luganda), Luiwula/Mwishwa | Herb | Leaves | Uganda, Rwanda | [7, 10, 45] |
| Momordica rostrata A. Zimm. | Cucurbitaceae | Chepkologolio (Ogiek) | Herb | Roots | Kenya | [46] |
| Morella kandtiana (Engl.) Verdc. & Polhill | Myricaceae | Mukikimbo (Luganda) | Herb | Roots, Leaves, Whole plant | Uganda | [8] |
| Morinda lucida Benth. | Rubiaceae | Kabaja nsayi (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Moringa oleifera Lam. | Moringaceae | Moringa (Luganda) | Tree | Fruit, Stem | Uganda | [7, 10] |
| Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. | Papilionaceae | Lugenyu (Luganda) | Vine | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Myrica kandtiana Engl. | Myricaceae | Enkikimbo(Luganda) | Tree | Fruit, Leaves, Stem bark, Root bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Myrsine africana L. | Myrsinaceae | Seketeti (Samburu) | Shrub | Not reported | Kenya | [34] |
| Nauclea latifolia Sm | Rubiaceae | Karmadoda | Tree | Fruit | South Sudan | [54] |
| Ocimum basilicum | Lamiaceae | Umusurasura | Herb | Leaves | Burundi | [38] |
| Ocimum suave Willd. | Lamiaceae | Muhumuzanganda (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Olea capensis L. | Oleaceae | Pekeriondet (Sabaot) | Tree | Stem bark | Kenya | [36] |
| Olinia rochetiana | Penaeaceae | Kaptolongit (Sabaot) | Tree | Roots | Kenya | [36] |
| Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Taub.) Harms | Papilionaceae | Eseperuae | Tree | Roots | Uganda | [10] |
| Pappea capensis (Spreng) Eckl. & Zeyh. | Sapindaceae | Muba (Kikuyu), Enkorrirri, Oltimigomi (Maasai) | Shrub | Stem bark, Root bark | Kenya | [55, 56] |
| Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth. | Chrysobalanaceae | Umunazi | Tree | Stem bark, roots | Burundi | [38] |
| Pavetta crassipes K. Schum. | Rubiaceae | Not reported | Shrub | Roots | Tanzania, Kenya | [12] |
| Pentas longiflora Oliv. | Rubiaceae | lsagara | Herb | Roots | Rwanda | [37] |
| Persea americana Mill. | Lauraceae | Ovacado (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7, 9] |
| Phaseolus lunatus L. | Fabaceae | Kayindiyindi (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Fabaceae | Bijanjaro (Luganda) | Herb | Husks | Uganda | [7] |
| Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. | Phyllanthaceae | Mutulika (Luganda) | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Piliostigma thonningii | Fabaceae | Chebutiandet (Sabaot) | Tree | Leaves | Kenya | [36] |
| Piptadenistrum africana | Fabaceae | Mpewere (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7, 9, 10] |
| Plectranthus barbatus Andrews | Lamiaceae | Ekibankulata (Luganda), Ebiriri omutano (Ateso) | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [7, 10] |
| Plectranthus hadiensis | Lamiaceae | Kibwankulanta (Luganda) | Shrub | Whole plant, Leaves | Uganda | [8] |
| Plumbago dawei | Plumbaginaceae | Lkiarianthus (Samburu) | Herb | Stem bark | Kenya | [29] |
| Plumbago zeylanica L. | Plumbaginaceae | Musajjabanda (Luganda), Mukya (Kamba) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda, Kenya | [7, 34, 57] |
| Podocarpus usambarensis Pilg. | Podocarpaceae | Kamusenene (Luganda) | Tree | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman | Rosaceae | Ntaseesa, Ngwabuzito (Luganda, Rutoro),Sirumandu (Lugisu) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Pseudospondia microcarpa (A. Rich.) Engl. | Anacardiaceae | Muziru (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Psidium guajava L. | Myrtaceae | Mpera (Chagga) | Tree | Fruit, Leaves, Stem bark, Root bark | Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania | [7, 12] |
| Pycnostachys ericirosenii R.E.Fr. | Lamiaceae | Musindikwa (Luganda) | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Rhamnus prinoides L’Herit. | Rhamnaceae | Munanira (Luganda) | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild. & R.B.D. Drumm. | Vitaceae | Mumara (Luganda) | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss | Anacardiaceae | Lmisigiyoi, Muthigiu (Kikuyu) | Tree | Roots, Leaves | Kenya | [51] |
| Rhus vulgaris Meikle | Anacardiaceae | Kakwansokwanso (Luganda) | Herb | Stem bark, Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Ribes uva-crispa L. | Grossulariaceae | Entuntunu (Luganda) | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Not reported | Herb | Leaves | South Sudan | [52] |
| Rubia cordifolia L. | Rubiaceae | Kasalabakesi (Luganda) Urumurwa (Kuria) | Herb | Leaves, Whole plant | Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania | [7, 9, 10, 12, 16] |
| Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. | Polygonaceae | Not reported | Herb | Leaves | Rwanda | [48] |
| Sapium ellipticum (Hochst.) Pax | Euphorbiaceae | Omusasa (Luganda) | Shrub | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen. | Polygalaceae | Mukondwa, Awee ilila (Lango), Mukondwa (Lusoga), Eliloi (Ateso) | Tree | Roots | Uganda | [8, 10] |
| Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby | Fabaceae | Gasiya seed | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [10] |
| Sesamum calycinum | Pedaliaceae | Lutungotungo (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves, Whole plant | Uganda | [8] |
| Solanum aculeastrum Dunal | Solanaceae | Mutura (Kikuyu), Ekitengo (Luganda) | Shrub | Fruit, Roots, Leaves | Uganda, Kenya | [7, 8, 12] |
| Solanum incanum L. | Solanaceae | Entengotengo Ennene (Luganda), Ocokocok (Lango), Ntonka (Lusoga), Mutongu (Kamba),Entulelei (Maasai) | Shrub | Fruit | Uganda, Kenya | [7, 12] |
| Solanum mauense Bitter | Solanaceae | Ng’onyoyiek (Ogiek) | Shrub | Seeds | Kenya | [46] |
| Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. | Bignoniaceae | Kifabakazi (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels | Myrtaceae | Jambula (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [7, 9] |
| Tamarindus indica L. | Fabaceae | Mukoge (Luganda), Cwao (Lango) | Tree | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Teclea nobilis Del. | Rutaceae | Luzo | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [10] |
| Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd | Lamiaceae | Ekyewamala (Luganda) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda, Rwanda | [7, 37] |
| Terminalia laxiflora Engl. & Diels | Combretaceae | Darout | Tree | Stem bark | South Sudan | [30] |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray | Asteraceae | Ekimyula, Okelokelo (Lango) | Shrub | Stem bark | Uganda | [7] |
| Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam | Rutaceae | Simborichet (Sabaot), Mururue (Kikuyu), Oleparmunyo (Maasai), Kawule (Luganda) | Shrub | Roots, Leaves | Uganda, Kenya | [7, 8, 10, 36] |
| Tragia brevipes Pax | Euphorbiaceae | Nakepian | Climber | Roots | Uganda | [10] |
| Tragia subsessilis Pax | Euphorbiaceae | Totoananyia | Herb | Roots | Uganda | [10] |
| Trichilia dregeana Sond. | Meliaceae | Sekoba (Luganda) | Tree | Stem bark, | Uganda | [7] |
| Triumfetta flavescens Hochst. ex A. Rich. | Malvaceae | Luwugula (Luganda) | Shrub | Stem | Uganda | [7] |
| Vachellia drepanolobium (Harms ex Sjostedt) P.J.H. Huter | Fabaceae | Oluai (Maasai) | Tree | Stem bark, Root bark | Kenya | [55] |
| Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. | Asteraceae | Kayayana, Lukohe (Luganda), Yat Kwong (Lango) | Herb | Leaves | Uganda | [7] |
| Vernonia amygdalina Del. | Asteraceae | Mululuza (Luganda) Lubilili | Shrub | Leaves | Uganda | [7, 10] |
| Warburgia ugandensis Sprague | Canellaceae | Abaki, Sokoni (Samburu), Muthiga (Kikuyu) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania | [7–10, 12, 16, 57–59] |
| Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. | Rutaceae | Ntale ya ddungu (Luganda), Eusuk (Ateso), Agodaman (Lango), Oloisuki (Maasai), Rukuts (Karimojong), Outiku (Lugbara) | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania | [5, 8–10, 12] |
| Zanthoxylum gillettii (De Wild.) P.G. Waterman | Rutaceae | Sagawatiet, Shihumba/Shikuma | Tree | Stem bark | Kenya | [31] |
| Zanthoxylum leprieurii | Rutaceae | Not reported | Tree | Stem bark | Uganda | [5] |
| Zehneria scabra | Cucurbitaceae | Umushishiro, | Herb | Leaves | Burundi | [38] |
| Zingiber officinale | Zingiberaceae | Tangawizi (Luo), Ntangawuzi (Luganda) | Herb | Stem | Uganda, Kenya | [7, 9, 10, 12] |
Languages: Ateso, Lango, Luganda, Lugbara, Lugisu, Lusoga, Karimojong, and Rutoro (Uganda); Digo, Kamba, Kikuyu, Kisii, Kuria, Luo, Maasai, Meru, Nandi, Ogiek ,Sabaot, Samburu, and Wanga (Kenya); and Chagga (Tanzania). Local names with language(s) not indicated were not specified by the authors