Table 3. Bias analysis.
| References | LPR diagnosis | Cofactors | Outcomes of association |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meurman [23] | Probably no | Probably yes | Probably yes |
| Schroeder [24] | Probably yes | Yes | Probably yes |
| Gudmundsson [25] | Probably yes | N.A. | No |
| Bartlett [26] | Probably yes | Probably no | Probably no |
| Loffeld [27] | Probably no | N.A. | Probably no |
| Jarvinen [28] | Probably no | N.A. | Probably no |
| Gregory-Head [29] | Probably yes | Probably yes | Probably yes |
| Munoz [30] | Probably no | Probably yes | Probably yes |
| Moazez, 2005 | Probably yes | N.A. | Probably yes |
| Oginni [31] | Probably no | Probably no | Probably no |
| Holbrook [32] | No | Probably yes | Probably no |
| Filipi [33] | Probably no | N.A. | Probably no |
| Correa [13] | Probably no | Probably no | Probably no |
| Yoshikawa [34] | No | Probably no | Probably yes |
| Song [35] | No | Probably no | Probably no |
| Alavi [36] | Probably no | N.A. | No |
| Deppe [37] | Probably no | Probably no | Probably no |
| Wilder-Smith [38] | Probably yes | Yes | Probably yes |
| Vinesh [39] | No | N.A. | Probably no |
| Milani [40] | No | Probably yes | No |
| Watanabe [11] | Probably no | Probably yes | Probably yes |
| Warsi [41] | Probably no | Probably no | Probably no |
The Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Cohort Studies developed by the Clarity Group and Evidence Partners was used for the bias/heterogeneity analyses of the included studies.22 Abbreviations: N.A. = not available.