TABLE I.

Summary of important requirements and considerations for surgical and interventional translation of promising photoacoustic imaging methods and applications.

Requirements	Considerations
Small/portable systems	Image quality
	Reduced input energies
	Reduced lateral resolution
	Possibilities for wireless systems
	Overall miniaturization
Real-time images	Transmit pulse repetition frequencies
	Complexity of image formation software
	Image fidelity to detected structures
Usable form factors	System components tailored to anatomy (e.g., nose, eyes)
	Integration with medical robots
Repeatable training methods	Phantom standardization across hospitals
	Imaging plane navigation
	Image interpretation
Reasonable cost/complexity	Balance with technological benefits
Regulatory clearance	Sterilization protocols
	FDA approval
	Large vs small animal testing
	Role of human cadaver testing
	Patient testing