Table 1.
Distribution of depressive symptoms and RESE among participants by demographic characteristics.
| Variables | Number (%) | Depressive symptoms (M ± SD) | RESE (M ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male | 130,516 (40.3%) | 3.22 ± 4.21 | 64.66 ± 10.59 |
| Female | 192,973 (59.7%) | 3.63 ± 4.05 | 63.46 ± 9.34 |
| Z = −46.91, p < 0.001, df = 1 | Z = −32.87, p < 0.001, df = 1 | ||
| Educational levela | |||
| Junior college | 188,001 (58.1%) | 3.35 ± 4.13 | 63.79 ± 10.07 |
| Undergraduate college | 134,781 (41.7%) | 3.64 ± 4.10 | 64.29 ± 9.60 |
| Z = −29.29, p < 0.001, df = 1 | Z = −18.44, p < 0.001, df = 1 | ||
| Province | |||
| Guangdong province | 304,167 (94.0%) | 3.46 ± 4.11 | 63.94 ± 9.87 |
| Hubei province | 1221 (0.4%) | 3.45 ± 4.18 | 63.66 ± 9.60 |
| Other provinces | 18,101 (5.6%) | 3.62 ± 4.27 | 64.02 ± 9.98 |
| χ2 = 15.60, p < 0.001, df = 2 | χ2 = 2.33, p = .31, df = 2 | ||
| Grade | |||
| Freshman year | 130,700 (40.4%) | 3.46 ± 4.12 | 63.72 ± 9.93 |
| Sophomore year | 102,460 (31.7%) | 3.40 ± 4.09 | 63.95 ± 9.90 |
| Junior year | 66,397 (20.5%) | 3.45 ± 4.10 | 64.18 ± 9.83 |
| Senior year | 23,668 (7.3%) | 3.86 ± 4.28 | 64.50 ± 9.57 |
| Fifth year | 264 (0.1%) | 3.91 ± 4.32 | 63.74 ± 10.47 |
| χ2 = 305.41, p < 0.001, df = 4 | χ2 = 255.91, p < 0.001, df = 4 | ||
| Age | |||
| 18 and below | 29,510 (9.1%) | 3.60 ± 4.26 | 63.33 ± 10.04 |
| 19–20 | 167,932 (51.9%) | 3.45 ± 4.10 | 63.85 ± 9.87 |
| 21–22 | 104,800 (32.4%) | 3.46 ± 4.11 | 64.12 ± 9.82 |
| 23–24 | 19,710 (6.1%) | 3.49 ± 4.17 | 64.63 ± 9.81 |
| 25 and above | 1537 (0.5%) | 3.39 ± 4.19 | 65.42 ± 10.15 |
| χ2 = 24.58, p < 0.001, df = 4 | χ2 = 392.97, p < 0.001, df = 4 | ||
| Nationality | |||
| The Han nationality | 319,017 (98.6%) | 3.47 ± 4.12 | 63.95 ± 9.88 |
| Minority nationality | 4472 (1.4%) | 3.74 ± 4.41 | 63.60 ± 9.89 |
| Z = -3.47, p = .001, df = 1 | Z = -2.32, p = .02, df = 1 | ||
| Family residence | |||
| County | 131,013 (40.5%) | 3.23 ± 3.95 | 63.85 ± 9.70 |
| Town | 97,929 (30.3%) | 3.59 ± 4.14 | 63.81 ± 9.79 |
| Small and medium-sized city | 57,153 (17.7%) | 3.64 ± 4.26 | 64.14 ± 10.05 |
| Large city | 37,394 (11.6%) | 3.72 ± 4.40 | 64.35 ± 10.43 |
| χ2 = 692.58, p < 0.001, df = 3 | χ2 = 104.22, p < 0.001, df = 3 |
Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, Standard deviation; RESE, regulatory emotional self-efficacy.
Z values derived from Mann–Whitney U tests.
χ2 values derived from Kruskal-Wallis tests.
a
Missing value: 707(0.2%) students did not fill in school name.