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. 2020 Aug 15;137:110219. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110219

Table 3.

Distribution of depressive symptoms and RESE among participants by living rhythms.

Variable Number (%) Depressive symptoms (M ± SD) RESE (M ± SD)
Time on browsing COVID-19 information
 <1 h 167,532 (51.8%) 3.53 ± 4.19 62.90 ± 9.89
 1–2 h 122,311 (37.8%) 3.33 ± 3.91 65.09 ± 9.47
 3–5 h 177,37 (5.5%) 3.67 ± 4.26 65.17 ± 9.96
 >5 h 15,909 (4.9%) 3.72 ± 4.77 64.78 ± 11.42
χ2 = 99.02, p < 0.001, df = 3 χ2 = 4162.59, p < 0.001, df = 1
Exercise time
 Never 68,947 (21.3%) 4.51 ± 4.93 60.47 ± 10.31
 <30 min 180,381 (55.8%) 3.38 ± 3.87 64.11 ± 9.29
 30–60 min 62,526 (19.3%) 2.71 ± 3.59 66.71 ± 9.57
 >60 min 11,635 (3.6%) 2.73 ± 4.08 67.10 ± 11.35
χ2 = 6151.94, p < 0.001, df = 3 χ2 = 15,035.48, p < 0.001, df = 3
Wake time
 Before 6:00 1580 (0.5%) 4.47 ± 5.64 62.44 ± 14.31
 6:00–8:00 32,134 (9.9%) 2.75 ± 3.67 65.73 ± 10.11
 8:00–10:00 138,537 (42.8%) 2.94 ± 3.59 65.13 ± 9.41
 After 10:00 107,041 (33.1%) 3.87 ± 4.28 63.04 ± 9.77
 Irregular 44,197 (13.7%) 4.65 ± 5.05 61.20 ± 10.39
χ2 = 6420.66, p < 0.001, df = 4 χ2 = 8093.02, p < 0.001, df = 4
Sleep time
 Before 22:00 11,058 (3.4%) 2.55 ± 3.87 66.20 ± 11.43
 22:00–24:00 133,280 (41.2%) 2.66 ± 3.37 65.80 ± 9.31
 After 24:00 111,871 (34.6%) 3.98 ± 4.29 62.97 ± 9.68
 Irregular 67,280 (20.8%) 4.37 ± 4.82 61.53 ± 10.25
χ2 = 9968.42, p < 0.001, df = 3 χ2 = 11,459.62, p < 0.001, df = 3
Diet habits (regular frequency and quantity)
 Never 9019 (2.8%) 6.41 ± 6.32 58.20 ± 12.00
 Seldom 25,479 (7.9%) 5.97 ± 5.21 59.64 ± 9.93
 Sometimes 80,199 (24.8%) 4.62 ± 4.30 62.00 ± 9.17
 Always 208,792 (64.5%) 2.59 ± 3.42 65.47 ± 9.65
χ2 = 27,835.34, p < 0.001, df = 3 χ2 = 15,858.61, p < 0.001, df = 3

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, Standard deviation; RESE, regulatory emotional self-efficacy, COVID-19, 2019 Coronavirus Disease.

χ2 values derived from Kruskal-Wallis tests.