Table 3.

Distribution of depressive symptoms and RESE among participants by living rhythms.

Variable	Number (%)	Depressive symptoms (M ± SD)	RESE (M ± SD)
Time on browsing COVID-19 information
<1 h	167,532 (51.8%)	3.53 ± 4.19	62.90 ± 9.89
1–2 h	122,311 (37.8%)	3.33 ± 3.91	65.09 ± 9.47
3–5 h	177,37 (5.5%)	3.67 ± 4.26	65.17 ± 9.96
>5 h	15,909 (4.9%)	3.72 ± 4.77	64.78 ± 11.42
		χ2 = 99.02, p < 0.001, df = 3	χ2 = 4162.59, p < 0.001, df = 1
Exercise time
Never	68,947 (21.3%)	4.51 ± 4.93	60.47 ± 10.31
<30 min	180,381 (55.8%)	3.38 ± 3.87	64.11 ± 9.29
30–60 min	62,526 (19.3%)	2.71 ± 3.59	66.71 ± 9.57
>60 min	11,635 (3.6%)	2.73 ± 4.08	67.10 ± 11.35
		χ2 = 6151.94, p < 0.001, df = 3	χ2 = 15,035.48, p < 0.001, df = 3
Wake time
Before 6:00	1580 (0.5%)	4.47 ± 5.64	62.44 ± 14.31
6:00–8:00	32,134 (9.9%)	2.75 ± 3.67	65.73 ± 10.11
8:00–10:00	138,537 (42.8%)	2.94 ± 3.59	65.13 ± 9.41
After 10:00	107,041 (33.1%)	3.87 ± 4.28	63.04 ± 9.77
Irregular	44,197 (13.7%)	4.65 ± 5.05	61.20 ± 10.39
		χ2 = 6420.66, p < 0.001, df = 4	χ2 = 8093.02, p < 0.001, df = 4
Sleep time
Before 22:00	11,058 (3.4%)	2.55 ± 3.87	66.20 ± 11.43
22:00–24:00	133,280 (41.2%)	2.66 ± 3.37	65.80 ± 9.31
After 24:00	111,871 (34.6%)	3.98 ± 4.29	62.97 ± 9.68
Irregular	67,280 (20.8%)	4.37 ± 4.82	61.53 ± 10.25
		χ2 = 9968.42, p < 0.001, df = 3	χ2 = 11,459.62, p < 0.001, df = 3
Diet habits (regular frequency and quantity)
Never	9019 (2.8%)	6.41 ± 6.32	58.20 ± 12.00
Seldom	25,479 (7.9%)	5.97 ± 5.21	59.64 ± 9.93
Sometimes	80,199 (24.8%)	4.62 ± 4.30	62.00 ± 9.17
Always	208,792 (64.5%)	2.59 ± 3.42	65.47 ± 9.65
		χ2 = 27,835.34, p < 0.001, df = 3	χ2 = 15,858.61, p < 0.001, df = 3

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, Standard deviation; RESE, regulatory emotional self-efficacy, COVID-19, 2019 Coronavirus Disease.

χ² values derived from Kruskal-Wallis tests.