Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients With HCM Grouped by the Presence of OSA or AHI Quartiles
| Variables | No OSA (n=228) | OSA (n=327) | P Value | Quartile 1 (n=138) AHI <2.0 events per h | Quartile 2 (n=139) AHI ≥2.0 to <7.5 events per h | Quartile 3 (n=139) AHI ≥7.5 to <18.8 events per h | Quartile 4 (n=139) AHI ≥18.8 events per h | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 146 (64.0) | 249 (76.1) | 0.002 | 81 (58.7) | 90 (64.7) | 104 (74.8) | 120 (86.3) | <0.001 |
| Age, y | 45.4±13.7 | 53.7±11.2 | <0.001 | 42.2±13.7 | 51.5±12.1 | 53.2±11.5 | 54.0±10.7 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6±3.2 | 27.2±3.7 | <0.001 | 23.9±3.4 | 25.7±2.9 | 26.6±3.3 | 28.0±4.0 | <0.001 |
| Cigarette use | 84 (36.8) | 170 (52.0) | <0.001 | 48 (34.8) | 55 (39.6) | 61 (43.9) | 90 (64.7) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 64 (28.1) | 197 (60.2) | <0.001 | 33 (23.9) | 54 (38.8) | 78 (56.1) | 96 (69.1) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 42 (18.4) | 153 (46.8) | <0.001 | 18 (13.0) | 42 (30.2) | 64 (46.0) | 71 (51.1) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 17 (7.5) | 48 (14.7) | 0.009 | 9 (6.5) | 12 (8.6) | 20 (14.4) | 24 (17.3) | 0.019 |
| Coronary heart disease | 19 (8.3) | 59 (18.0) | 0.001 | 8 (5.8) | 17 (12.2) | 16 (11.5) | 37 (26.6) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 8 (3.5) | 20 (6.1) | 0.167 | 6 (4.3) | 5 (3.6) | 6 (4.3) | 11 (7.9) | 0.349 |
| Stroke | 7 (3.1) | 30 (9.2) | 0.005 | 4 (2.9) | 8 (5.8) | 10 (7.2) | 15 (10.8) | 0.066 |
| NYHA class II or III | 145 (63.6) | 228 (69.7) | 0.130 | 87 (63.0) | 94 (67.9) | 88 (63.3) | 104 (74.8) | 0.127 |
| Familial history of HCM | 32 (14.0) | 29 (8.9) | 0.056 | 23 (16.7) | 14 (10.1) | 12 (8.6) | 12 (8.6) | 0.100 |
| Familial history of SCD | 8 (3.5) | 13 (4.0) | 0.777 | 4 (2.9) | 4 (2.9) | 9 (6.5) | 4 (2.9) | 0.297 |
| Syncope | 25 (11.0) | 39 (11.9) | 0.727 | 17 (12.3) | 14 (10.1) | 18 (12.9) | 15 (10.8) | 0.868 |
| AF | 31 (13.6) | 78 (23.9) | 0.003 | 13 (9.4) | 24 (17.3) | 37 (26.6) | 35 (25.2) | 0.001 |
| Paroxysmal AF | 23 (10.1) | 47 (14.4) | 0.135 | 11 (8.0) | 16 (11.5) | 23 (16.5) | 20 (14.4) | 0.158 |
| Persistent or permanent AF | 8 (3.5) | 31 (9.5) | 0.007 | 2 (1.4) | 8 (5.8) | 14 (10.1) | 15 (10.8) | 0.008 |
| Ventricular tachycardia | 27 (11.8) | 52 (15.9) | 0.178 | 17 (12.3) | 14 (10.1) | 28 (20.1) | 20 (14.4) | 0.095 |
| Systolic pressure, mm Hg | 124.5±16.6 | 133.8±20.6 | <0.001 | 125.6±16.8 | 125.6±17.5 | 134.3±21.3 | 134.4±20.2 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic pressure, mm Hg | 74.0±11.4 | 80.3±13.1 | <0.001 | 75.0±11.7 | 74.5±12.1 | 79.9±12.4 | 81.4±13.5 | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood sugar, mmol/L | 4.8±1.2 | 5.3±1.5 | <0.001 | 4.7±1.1 | 5.1±1.3 | 5.2±1.3 | 5.6±1.8 | <0.001 |
| hs‐CRP, mg/L | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 1.5 (0.7–2.9) | <0.001 | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 1.6 (0.9–3.5) | <0.001 |
| LDL‐C, mmol/L | 2.7±0.8 | 2.7±0.8 | 0.788 | 2.7±0.8 | 2.8±0.8 | 2.8±0.8 | 2.6±0.8 | 0.078 |
| Creatinine, mmol/L | 82.4±15.8 | 87.3±19.2 | 0.002 | 82.4±15.1 | 83.1±17.0 | 86.7±18.2 | 89.9±20.7 | 0.014 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 975.5 (477.4–2103.0) | 627.1 (223.4–1565.5) | <0.001 | 1096 (572.5–2195.0) | 821.9 (285.0–1750.0) | 616.0 (248.8–1471.0) | 587.0 (159.0–1478.3) | <0.001 |
| Echocardiographic data | ||||||||
| Obstructive HCM | 143 (62.7) | 156 (47.7) | <0.001 | 90 (65.2) | 85 (61.2) | 69 (49.6) | 55 (39.6) | <0.001 |
| LVOTG at rest, mm Hg | 41.0 (0.0–73.5) | 18.0 (0.0–61.0) | <0.001 | 48.0 (0.0–72.5) | 41.0 (0.0–76.0) | 16.0 (0.0–82.0) | 0.0 (0.0–50.0) | <0.001 |
| LAD, mm | 41.9±6.5 | 43.1±7.2 | 0.103 | 41.1±6.1 | 42.9±6.6 | 43.6±7.8 | 42.9±7.0 | 0.049 |
| LVEDD, mm | 43.8±6.3 | 46.6±6.0 | <0.001 | 42.8±6.4 | 44.7±5.8 | 46.3±5.8 | 47.8±6.1 | <0.001 |
| IVST, mm | 18.7±5.5 | 17.3±4.9 | 0.002 | 18.9±4.5 | 18.4±6.1 | 17.4±5.3 | 16.8±4.7 | 0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 66.5±8.8 | 65.4±9.0 | 0.051 | 67.0±8.8 | 66.1±7.9 | 66.1±8.4 | 64.3±10.3 | 0.086 |
| AAD, mm | 30.4±5.0 | 33.0±4.3 | <0.001 | 29.4±5.0 | 32.0±4.2 | 32.7±4.8 | 33.4±4.2 | <0.001 |
| Moderate or severe MR | 88 (38.6) | 89 (27.2) | 0.005 | 54 (39.1) | 56 (40.3) | 34 (24.5) | 33 (23.7) | 0.001 |
| Medical therapy | ||||||||
| β‐Blockers | 204 (89.5) | 275 (84.1) | 0.070 | 128 (92.8) | 123 (88.5) | 118 (84.9) | 110 (79.1) | 0.009 |
| CCBs | 38 (16.7) | 112 (34.3) | <0.001 | 16 (11.6) | 31 (22.3) | 40 (28.8) | 63 (45.3) | <0.001 |
| ACEIs/ARBs | 47 (20.6) | 120 (36.7) | <0.001 | 21 (15.2) | 36 (25.9) | 54 (38.8) | 56 (40.3) | <0.001 |
| Spirolactone | 27 (11.8) | 36 (11.0) | 0.761 | 13 (9.4) | 15 (10.8) | 17 (12.2) | 18 (12.9) | 0.798 |
| Class III antiarrhythmic drugs | 30 (13.2) | 42 (12.8) | 0.914 | 15 (10.9) | 21 (15.1) | 22 (15.8) | 14 (10.1) | 0.370 |
| Anticoagulation therapy | 30 (13.2) | 53 (16.2) | 0.322 | 12 (8.7) | 23 (16.5) | 22 (15.8) | 26 (18.7) | 0.105 |
Values are presented as mean±SD, median (interquartile range), or number (percentage). AAD indicates ascending aorta diameter; ACEIs, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; AF, atrial fibrillation; AHI, apnea‐hypopnea index; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; CCBs, calcium channel blockers; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; IVST, interventricular septum thickness; LAD, left atrial diameter; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVOTG, left ventricular outflow tract gradient; MR, mitral regurgitation; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; and SCD, sudden cardiac death.