Table 3.
Vascular Function and Tonometry Measures Adjusted for Age, Sex, Race, and Study Site
| Nonsmokers | Combustible Cigarette Users | E‐Cigarette Users | Dual Users | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline brachial diameter, mm | 3.8±0.08 | 3.9±0.04 | 3.8±0.1 | 3.9±0.1 | 0.63 |
| Baseline mean flow velocity, cm/s | 13.0±1.2 | 16.1±0.6 | 13.5±1.9 | 15.5±1.5 | 0.1 |
| Hyperemic mean flow velocity, cm/s | 73.8±2.7 | 72.2±1.4 | 68.9±4.1 | 73.0±3.3 | 0.79 |
| Flow‐mediated dilation, % | 6.6±0.6 | 6.3±0.3 | 7.3±0.8 | 6.1±0.7 | 0.68 |
| Shear stress, dyne/cm2 | 57.0±2.4 | 54.1±1.3 | 54.4±3.7 | 54.8±3.0 | 0.73 |
| Carotid‐femoral PWV, m/s | 5.7±0.1 | 6.0±0.08 | 6.1±0.3 | 6.3±0.2 | 0.12 |
| Carotid‐radial PWV, m/s | 6.8±0.2 | 7.2±0.1 | 6.8±0.4 | 7.3±0.2 | 0.2 |
| AIx | 118.4±2.6 | 129.8±1.5 | 126.2±5.9 | 134.9±4.0 | 0.0008 |
| Central systolic BP, mm Hg | 105±2 | 110±1 | 106±4 | 114±2 | 0.007 |
| Central diastolic BP, mm Hg | 74±1 | 76±1 | 72±3 | 78±2 | 0.14 |
| Heart rate, beats per min | 69.6±1.2 | 66.6±0.7 | 66.5±2.0 | 68.8±1.6 | 0.1 |
Values are expressed as least square mean±SEM. AIx indicates augmentation index; BP, blood pressure; and PWV, pulse wave velocity.