Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Sample in 1985–1986 by Childhood Family Adversity Score, Ascertained in 2000–2001: CARDIA, 1985–2001
| Study Population (n=3646) | CFE Adversity Group | P for Trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low CFE Range: 0–1 (n=1781) | Medium CFE Range: 2–3 (n=1043) | High CFE Range: 4–7 (n=822) | |||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 25.1 (3.6) | 25.0 (3.6) | 25.1 (3.7) | 25.2 (3.6) | 0.05 |
| Black race, no. (%) | 1716 (47.1) | 806 (45.3) | 527 (50.5) | 383 (46.8) | 0.24 |
| Female sex, no. (%) | 2036 (55.8) | 977 (54.9) | 575 (55.1) | 484 (58.9) | 0.08 |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | |||||
| Recent unemployment, No. (%) | 1011 (27.7) | 452 (25.4) | 313 (30.0) | 246 (29.9) | <0.01 |
| Participant education, no. (%) | |||||
| ≤12 y | 1297 (35.6) | 527 (29.6) | 397 (38.1) | 373 (45.4) | <0.001 |
| 13–15 y | 1969 (54.0) | 1025 (57.4) | 552 (53.0) | 391 (47.6) | <0.001 |
| ≥16 y | 380 (10.4) | 229 (12.9) | 93 (8.9) | 58 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Parental education, mean (SD), ya | 13.7 (3.1) | 14.0 (3.1) | 13.4 (3.0) | 13.2 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Current smoker, no. (%) | 990 (27.2) | 406 (22.8) | 297 (28.5) | 287 (34.9) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/mb | 24.9 (5.3) | 24.6 (5.2) | 24.7 (5.1) | 25.5 (5.8) | 0.08 |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 78.5 (12.0) | 78.1 (11.7) | 78.3 (11.9) | 79.4 (12.6) | 0.29 |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 110 (10.8) | 111 (10.2) | 111 (11.7) | 109 (10.8) | 0.03 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 69 (9.7) | 69 (9.6) | 69 (10.3) | 68 (9.3) | 0.13 |
| Serum biomarkers | |||||
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 177.5 (33.7) | 176.8 (33.7) | 176.4 (32.9) | 179.9 (34.2) | 0.39 |
| HDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 53.0 (13.3) | 53.1 (13.3) | 53.0 (13.3) | 53.0 (13.2) | 0.43 |
| Triglycerides, median (SD), mg/dL | 74.5 (52.6) | 73.8 (50.0) | 74.3 (57.1) | 76.1 (51.8) | 0.87 |
| Fasting glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL | 82.6 (16.6) | 82.7 (18.7) | 82.5 (15.4) | 82.6 (13.6) | 0.12 |
| Psychological characteristics | |||||
| Depressive symptoms, no. (%)b | 858 (23.5) | 303 (17.0) | 279 (26.7) | 276 (33.6) | <0.001 |
CARDIA indicates Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study; CES‐D, Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression; CFE, childhood family environment; and HDL, high‐density lipoprotein.
a
Highest number of years achieved by any parental figure.
b
Participants were classified as having depressive symptoms if CES‐D score reached the validated cutoff of 16 or greater (range 0–60). CES‐D was first measured during the year 5 examination (1990–1991).