Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
| Characteristic | All Patients (n=160) | Insulin (n=40) | GLP‐1RA (n=40) | SGLT‐2i (n=40) | GLP‐1RA+SGLT‐2i (n=40) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of diabetes mellitus, y | 6.5 (2 to 10) | 6.7 (1 to 9) | 5.9 (1 to 8) | 6.6 (1 to 11) | 6.8 (2 to 12) | 0.446 |
| CAD, n (%) | 54 (34) | 14 (35) | 13 (32.5) | 13 (32.5) | 14 (35) | 0.869 |
| LVEF <55%, n (%) | 74 (46) | 18 (45) | 19 (47.5) | 18 (45) | 19 (47.5) | 0.379 |
| Age, y | 58±10 | 57±10 | 57±9 | 58±10 | 58±9 | 0.518 |
| Sex (male/female), n (%) | 115/45 (72/28) | 28/12 (70/30) | 27/13 (67.5/32.5) | 30/10 (75/25) | 30/10 (75/25) | 0.151 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.1±0.3 | 1.0±0.3 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.1±0.3 | 0.833 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 85±10 | 86±9 | 85±8 | 85±10 | 83±11 | 0.315 |
| Risk factors, n (%) | ||||||
| Current smoking | 64 (40) | 15 (37.5) | 17 (42.5) | 16 (40) | 16 (40) | 0.837 |
| Hypertension | 97 (61) | 24 (60) | 24 (60) | 24 (60) | 25 (62.5) | 0.789 |
| Dyslipidemia | 160 (100) | 40 (100) | 40 (100) | 40 (100) | 40 (100) | 1.000 |
| Family history of CAD | 51 (32) | 12 (30) | 11 (27.5) | 15 (37.5) | 13 (32.5) | 0.392 |
| Cardiovascular medications, n (%) | ||||||
| Antiplatelet | 57 (36) | 14 (35) | 13 (32.5) | 15 (37.5) | 15 (37.5) | 0.898 |
| β Blockers | 78 (49) | 18 (45) | 19 (47.5) | 21 (52.5) | 20 (50) | 0.753 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 40 (25) | 10 (25) | 9 (22.5) | 10 (25) | 11 (27.5) | 0.512 |
| ACEI or ARB | 80 (50) | 20 (50) | 19 (47.5) | 21 (52.5) | 20 (50) | 0.734 |
| Diuretics | 28 (17.5) | 6 (15) | 5 (12.5) | 8 (20) | 9 (22.5) | 0.969 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | 7 (4) | 1 (2.5) | 2 (5) | 1 (2.5) | 3 (7.5) | 0.827 |
| Statins | 160 (100) | 40 (100) | 40 (100) | 40 (100) | 40 (100) | 1.000 |
| Fibrate | 10 (6) | 2 (5) | 2 (5) | 3 (7.5) | 3 (7.5) | 0.787 |
| Antidiabetic medications, n (%) | ||||||
| Metformin | 109 (68) | 29 (72.5) | 25 (62.5) | 27 (67.5) | 28 (70) | 0.192 |
Data are expressed as number (percentage), mean±SD, or median (first quartile to third quartile). Continuous variables were compared with the paired Student t test. Binary variables were compared with the χ2 test. ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CAD, coronary artery disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP‐1RA, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; P, P of model of the ANOVA for comparisons between groups; and SGLT‐2i, sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors.