Table 1.
Description of the Studied Population by Generation and Sex
| Generation 1 | Generation 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| N | 434 | 451 | 297 | 345 |
| Age, y | 60.8 (58.2–63.9) | 58.8 (56.3–62.6) | 33.6 (30.6–37.4) | 33.3 (30.2–36.7) |
| Smokers, n (%) | 59 (14) | 41 (9) | 105 (35) | 114 (33) |
| Education level, n (%) | ||||
| Low | 289 (67) | 325 (72) | 104 (35) | 85 (25) |
| Intermediate | 90 (21) | 96 (21) | 89 (30) | 112 (32) |
| High | 55 (13) | 30 (7) | 104 (35) | 148 (43) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.9 (24.6–29.7) | 25.2 (22.6–28.8) | 24.5 (22.5–27.2) | 22.6 (20.7–25.5) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 98.4±11.7 | 87.0±12.3 | 89.9±10.4 | 80.2±12 |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 2539.3 (2044.3–3055.2) | 1972.4 (1558.3–2491) | 2583.7 (2101.7–3159.5) | 1935.9 (1523.2–2540.2) |
| Energy expenditure (MET‐min/week) | 2818.6 (1248–7098) | 1920 (846–3708) | 1920 (741–5406) | 1307.4 (540–2796) |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 159 (37) | 107 (24) | 22 (7) | 20 (6) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 45 (10) | 20 (4) | 1 (0) | 7 (2) |
| Fasting glucose, g/L | 0.94 (0.9–1) | 0.89 (0.8–1) | 0.87 (0.8–0.9) | 0.82 (0.8–0.9) |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 5.7 (5.5–5.9) | 5.7 (5.5–5.9) | 5.4 (5.2–5.6) | 5.4 (5.2–5.5) |
| Use of antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | 36 (8) | 14 (3) | 4 (1) | 4 (1) |
| Elevated triglycerides, n (%) | 186 (43) | 135 (30) | 47 (19) | 21 (8) |
| Triglycerides | 1.05 (0.8–1.5) | 0.96 (0.7–1.3) | 0.86 (0.6–1.3) | 0.74 (0.6–1) |
| HDL‐C, g/L | 0.54 (0.5–0.6) | 0.64 (0.6–0.8) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.59 (0.5–0.7) |
| LDL‐C, g/L | 1.37 (1.1–1.6) | 1.46 (1.2–1.7) | 1.23 (1–1.5) | 1.19 (1–1.4) |
| Use of lipid‐lowering drugs, n (%) | 125 (29) | 86 (19) | 2 (1) | 1 (0) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 260 (62) | 202 (46) | 74 (28) | 51 (16) |
| Office SBP, mm Hg | 133.5±15.2 | 126.1±16.4 | 126.5±11.2 | 114.5±10.1 |
| Office DBP, mm Hg | 77.1±8.9 | 71.9±8.6 | 72.2±7.5 | 67.8±7.7 |
| 24 h‐SBP, mm Hg | 124.4±9.9 | 118.6±10.7 | 121.8±7.4 | 115.1±7.7 |
| 24 h‐DBP, mm Hg | 77.3±7.1 | 72.9±7.4 | 74.6±5.7 | 72.2±6.4 |
| Use of antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 145 (33) | 123 (27) | 9 (3) | 10 (3) |
| Intima‐media thickness, μm | 707.2 (619.8–788.0) | 667.8 (598.0–740.0) | 530.0 (475.0–597.8) | 508.0 (467.0–559.8) |
| Left ventricular mass, g/height2.7 | 36.7 (31.9–43.6) | 33.4 (28.7–41.1) | 31.6 (27.2–36.5) | 27.2 (23.1–31.9) |
| Pulse‐wave velocity, m/s | 9.3 (8.4–10.6) | 8.5 (7.7–9.5) | 7.6 (7.1–8.3) | 7.2 (6.7–7.9) |
The results for continuous variable are expressed as mean±SD or median (Q1‐Q3) as appropriate. Hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure (130/80) and/or declared hypertension and/or use of at least 1 antihypertensive drug; diabetes mellitus is defined by high fasting glucose (>1.26 g/L) and/or declared diabetes mellitus and/or use of at least 1 antidiabetic drug. All the differences between subgroups were significant (P<0.0001). DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL‐C, plasma high‐density cholesterol; LDL‐C, plasma low‐density cholesterol; MET, metabolic equivalent task; SBP, systolic blood pressure.