Table 1.
Association Between Famine Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
| All Participants (N=234 219) | Nonexposed (1963–1974) N=54 525 | Fetal‐Exposed Cohorts (1959–1962) N=29 387 | Childhood‐Exposed Cohorts (1949–1958) N=102 370 | Adolescent‐Exposed Cohorts (1941–1948) N=47 937 | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 44.78±2.82 | 50.67±1.42 | 57.56±2.92 | 66.24±2.40 | <0.0001 |
| Male, n (%) | 17 514 (32.1) | 8604 (29.3) | 34 117 (33.3) | 18 886 (39.4) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.41±3.61 | 24.67±3.49 | 24.74±3.58 | 24.82±3.62 | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 8416 (15.4) | 4359 (14.8) | 14 826 (14.5) | 5927 (12.4) | <0.0001 |
| Current drinker, n (%) | 5557 (10.2) | 2834 (9.6) | 10 103 (9.9) | 4417 (9.2) | <0.0001 |
| Physical activity (moderate to vigorous), n (%) | 5781 (10.6) | 3514 (12.0) | 13 428 (13.1) | 6427 (13.4) | <0.0001 |
| Educational status (high school or above), n (%) | 22 910 (42.0) | 15 810 (53.8) | 32 432 (31.7) | 13 978 (29.2) | <0.0001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 124±18 | 128±19 | 133±20 | 140±21 | <0.0001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 77±12 | 79±11 | 79±11 | 78±11 | <0.0001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.17 (0.83–1.75) | 1.28 (0.91–1.89) | 1.36 (0.97–1.96) | 1.35 (0.98–1.92) | <0.0001 |
| HDL‐C, mmol/L | 1.32±0.35 | 1.35±0.36 | 1.34±0.36 | 1.32±0.36 | 0.01 |
| LDL‐C, mmol/L | 2.64±0.80 | 2.88±0.85 | 2.95±0.87 | 2.91±0.88 | <0.0001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.64±1.07 | 4.96±1.11 | 5.06±1.12 | 5.00±1.13 | <0.0001 |
Data were shown as mean±SD or median (interquartile range). BMI indicates body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; and TG, triglycerides.