Table 2.

Odds Ratio (95% CI) for Cardiovascular Disease Risks According to Famine Exposure

All Participants (N=234 219)	Nonexposed (1963–1974) N=54 525	Fetal‐Exposed Cohorts (1959–1962) N=29 387	Childhood‐Exposed Cohorts (1949–1958) N=102 370	Adolescent‐Exposed Cohorts (1941–1948) N=47 937
Total CVD, cases (%)	593 (1.09)	750 (2.55)	5836 (5.70)	5382 (11.23)
Model 1*	1.00 (ref.)	1.43 (1.27–1.60)	1.72 (1.52–1.95)	1.65 (1.39–1.97)
Model 2†	1.00 (ref.)	1.34 (1.20–1.51)	1.60 (1.41–1.82)	1.51 (1.26–1.80)
Model 3‡	1.00 (ref.)	1.35 (1.20–1.52)	1.59 (1.40–1.81)	1.52 (1.27–1.81)
MI, cases (%)	55 (0.10)	62 (0.21)	442 (0.43)	325 (0.68)
Model 1*	1.00 (ref.)	1.66 (1.14–2.41)	2.31 (1.63–3.26)	2.26 (1.46–3.51)
Model 2†	1.00 (ref.)	1.65 (1.13–2.41)	2.23 (1.56–3.18)	2.13 (1.35–3.34)
Model 3‡	1.00 (ref.)	1.59 (1.08–2.35)	2.20 (1.52–3.20)	2.07 (1.28–3.35)
Stroke, cases (%)	145 (0.27)	170 (0.58)	1335 (1.30)	1263 (2.63)
Model 1*	1.00 (ref.)	1.49 (1.19–1.88)	2.02 (1.63–2.51)	2.22 (1.68–2.95)
Model 2†	1.00 (ref.)	1.42 (1.12–1.79)	1.88 (1.50–2.36)	1.99 (1.47–2.68)
Model 3‡	1.00 (ref.)	1.40 (1.11–1.78)	1.82 (1.45–2.28)	1.92 (1.42–2.58)
CHD, cases (%)	422 (0.77)	561 (1.91)	4452 (4.35)	4171 (8.70)
Model 1*	1.00 (ref.)	1.53 (1.34–1.75)	1.97 (1.71–2.27)	2.00 (1.65–2.44)
Model 2†	1.00 (ref.)	1.43 (1.25–1.64)	1.81 (1.57–2.09)	1.81 (1.48–2.20)
Model 3‡	1.00 (ref.)	1.44 (1.26–1.65)	1.80 (1.56–2.09)	1.83 (1.50–2.24)

BMI indicates body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MI, myocardial infarction; and ref., defined as reference.

^*Model 1 adjusted for age, sex.

^†Model 2 further adjusted for BMI, educational status, smoking and drinking status, physical activity, famine severity, healthy diet (yes/no).

^‡Model 3 further adjusted for metabolic syndrome (yes/no).