Table 2.
Characteristics of children enrolled in ZM EIR during baseline period (September 23, 2019-March 22, 2020) and COVID-19 lockdown period (March 23-May 09, 2020) in Sindh, Pakistan.
| Baseline (n = 786,325) |
COVID-19 lockdown (n = 83,360) |
% Difference | 95% CI | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | b | c | d | d-b | ||||
| n | % | n | % | |||||
| Proportion of the target children enrolled (Children enrolled in ZM/Target of Surviving Infants) | 786,325/717,039 | 109.7 | 83,360/192,480 | 43.3* | ||||
| Female | 378,915 | 48.2 | 39,632 | 47.5 | −0.7 | −1.06 | −0.34 | 0.0001 |
| Place of birth† | ||||||||
| Home | 55,643 | 40.2 | 4608 | 34.5 | −5.7 | −6.04 | −5.36 | <0.0001 |
| Maternity Home | 8118 | 5.9 | 889 | 6.7 | 0.8 | 0.62 | 0.98 | <0.0001 |
| Hospital | 74,664 | 53.9 | 7865 | 58.9 | 5.0 | 4.64 | 5.35 | <0.0001 |
| Enrollment Area | ||||||||
| Rural | 341,353 | 43.4 | 35,251 | 42.3 | −1.1 | −1.45 | −0.75 | <0.0001 |
| Urban | 444,972 | 56.6 | 48,109 | 57.7 | 1.1 | 0.74 | 1.45 | <0.0001 |
| Enrollment Event | ||||||||
| Fixed Site | 505,830 | 64.3 | 73,470 | 88.1 | 23.8 | 23.5 | 24.0 | <0.0001 |
| Outreach | 280,495 | 35.7 | 9890 | 11.9 | –23.8 | −24.0 | –23.5 | <0.0001 |
| Mother’s Education (in years)† | ||||||||
| 0 | 64,764 | 46.8 | 5855 | 43.7 | −3.1 | −3.45 | −2.74 | <0.0001 |
| 1–8 | 63,805 | 46.1 | 6122 | 45.6 | −0.5 | −0.86 | −0.14 | 0.0059 |
| 9–10 | 5283 | 3.8 | 688 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 1.14 | 1.45 | <0.0001 |
| 11–12 | 2492 | 1.8 | 397 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 1.08 | 1.32 | <0.0001 |
| >12 | 1939 | 1.4 | 351 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 1.01 | 1.31 | <0.0001 |
| Proportion of Caregivers who provided cell phone numbers | 215,280 | 27.4 | 27,689 | 33.2 | 5.8 | 5.47 | 6.13 | <0.0001 |
| Enrollment Age (in months) | ||||||||
| 0–1 | 357,070 | 45.4 | 46,856 | 56.2 | 10.8 | 10.4 | 11.1 | <0.0001 |
| 2–3 | 192,711 | 24.5 | 18,219 | 21.9 | −2.6 | −2.90 | −2.30 | <0.0001 |
| 4–6 | 97,948 | 12.5 | 7592 | 9.1 | −3.4 | −3.61 | −3.19 | <0.0001 |
| 7–12 | 79,874 | 10.2 | 6027 | 7.2 | −3.0 | −3.19 | −2.81 | <0.0001 |
| 13–18 | 41,412 | 5.3 | 3372 | 4.1 | −1.2 | −1.34 | −1.06 | <0.0001 |
| 19–24 | 14,013 | 1.8 | 1020 | 1.2 | −0.6 | −0.68 | −0.52 | <0.0001 |
| above 24 | 3297 | 0.4 | 274 | 0.3 | −0.1 | −0.14 | −0.06 | <0.0001 |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean Difference (c-a | ||||
| Age (in weeks) at Vaccination | ||||||||
| BCG/OPV-0 | 6.3 | 10.6 | 4.3 | 7.6 | -2.20 | −2.07 | −1.93 | <0.0001 |
| Penta-1/OPV-1/PCV-1 | 12.5 | 10.9 | 10.3 | 8.1 | -2.20 | −2.28 | −2.12 | <0.0001 |
| Penta-2/OPV-2/PCV-2 | 17.8 | 10.9 | 16.3 | 9.6 | -1.50 | −1.58 | −1.42 | <0.0001 |
| Penta-3/OPV-3/PCV-3 | 23.8 | 12.8 | 24.2 | 13.3 | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.49 | <0.0001 |
| Measles-1 | 49.6 | 15.1 | 47.4 | 13.8 | -2.20 | −2.31 | −2.09 | <0.0001 |
| Measles-2 | 75.7 | 15.8 | 75.4 | 15.1 | -0.30 | −0.41 | −0.19 | <0.0001 |
Since EPI estimated enrollment target was 109.7% and erroneous, for statistical comparison, following two scenarios were analysed: a) Adjusted target of baseline (by 9.7%) to meet observed number of enrollments: Baseline 100% (786,325/786,325) vs. Lockdown 43.3% (83,360/192,480); difference 56.7%, p-value = 0.0000; 95% CI (-57.0—-56.4). b) Adjusting targets of both baseline and COVID-19 by 9.7%: Baseline 100% (786,325/786,325) vs. Lockdown 39.5% (83,360/211,150); difference 60.5%, p-value = 0.0000; 95% CI (-60.8—-60.2).
82.5% observations for place of birth and mother’s education are missing in the baseline period vs. 83.9% observations missing in COVID-19 lockdown period.