Table 4.
Route of administration of drug delivery.
| Drugs | Polymer | Route | Formulation/design approach | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quercetin | Na alginate and chitosan | Oral | Ionic crosslinking method for oral controlled release | [105] |
| Isoniazid and rifampicin | Sodium alginate | Oral | Drop technique for oral sustained delivery carriers | [106, 107] |
| 4-(2-Aminoethyl) benzoic acid | Sodium alginate | Oral | Chemically modified (amidation and reductive amination) | [108] |
| Ciprofloxacin | Alginate-gelatin | Oral | Crosslinked method | [109, 110] |
| Bovine insulin | Sodium alginate | Oral | Ionotropic gelation using calcium chloride dihydrate | [111] |
| Lentivectors | Alginate | Oral | Polymers were ionically crosslinked to create bimodal hydrogel | [112] |
| Resveratrol | Alginate | Oral | Ionic and shelled with soy protein isolate (SPI) | [5] |
| Metformin | Alginate | Oral | DDS for oral antidiabetic | [113] |
| Metronidazole | Alginate | Oral | Matrix for oral DDS | [114] |
| Recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) | Alginate | Parenteral | Antigen delivery system for intramuscular administration by mild ionic crosslinking technique | [8] |
| Furosemide | Alginate-chitosan | Parenteral | Mucopenetrating nanoparticles for enhancement of oral bioavailability | [115] |
| Exemestane | Sodium alginate | Parenteral | Simple controlled gelation method for oral chemotherapeutic drug | [116] |
| Paclitaxel | Alginate | Pulmonary | Emulsification technique | [117] |
| Isoniazid rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and paclitaxel | Chitosan, alginate, PLGA, and polysaccharides | Pulmonary | Emulsification and complexation | [118] |
| Amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and polymyxin | PLGA and alginate | Pulmonary | Spray drying | [119] |
| Cisplatin and doxorubicin | Alginate, HAS, chitosan, and PLGA | Pulmonary | Emulsification/gelation and spray drying | [120] |
| Ciprofloxacin | Polyethylene glycol, phthaloyl chitosan, and sodium alginate | Pulmonary | Grafted and spray drying | [121] |
| BCG vaccine | Alginate | Pulmonary | Emulsification | [122] |
| Tobramycin | Alginate and chitosan | Pulmonary | Precipitation | [123] |
| BCG vaccine | Alginate | Pulmonary | Aerosol liquid encapsulation | [124] |
| BSA | Alginate | Pulmonary | Spray drying | [99] |
| BSA | Alginate, chitosan, and trimethyl chitosan | Pulmonary | Liposomal formulation | [125] |
| Ciprofloxacin | Calcium alginate | Transdermal | Lyophilized hydrogels for wound dressing | [126] |
| Resveratrol | Chitosan, alginate, and poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) | Transdermal | Nanoprecipitation | [127] |
| Metronidazole | Alginate | Transdermal | Ionotropic gelation combination with freeze-thawing cycle | [128, 129] |