Table 5.
Various techniques used to produce alginate nanoparticles.
| Drugs | Polymer | Method | Size | Main findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) | Sodium alginate | Ionic crosslinking | 80–400 nm | Size and surface charge could be modulated by adjusting the ratio of polymer | [155] |
| Curcumin | Alginate, chitosan, and pluronic | Ionic gelation | 100 ± 20 nm | Composite nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully prepared | [156] |
| Doxorubicin | Alginate and chitosan | Novel ionic gelation method | 100 nm | Chitosan-alginate nanoparticle produced higher zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency than chitosan nanoparticles | [157] |
| Hyaluronic acid | Chitosan and alginate | Ionic gelation | 100 nm | Cryoprotectants provided stability for the NPs | [158] |
| Tobramycin | Alginate and chitosan | Isothermal titration calorimetry | ±500 nm | High survival rates and low toxicity were observed | [159] |
| ZnO | Alginate | Pumped dropwise using a peristaltic pump and tubing | 120 to 236 nm | Inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by ZnO NP-alginate beads was improved by increasing the nanocomposite amount and contact time | [160] |
| Curcumin-loaded zein | Sodium caseinate (SC) and sodium alginate (SA) | Liquid-liquid dispersion and encapsulation | nm | A significantly improved encapsulation efficiency and controlled release was successfully produced | [161] |
| trans-Cinnamaldehyde | Chitosan-alginate | Ionic gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation technique | 166.26 nm | (i) Small size and high encapsulation efficiency was found | [162] |
| Imazapic and imazapyr herbicides | Alginate/chitosan and chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles | Ionic encapsulation | 400 nm | (ii) High efficiency and stable nanoparticles resulted during 30 days of storage at ambient temperature | [163] |
| Genipin | Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-loaded alginate in gelatin scaffolds | Electrospraying and freeze-drying | 154 and 171 μm | Swelling and weight loss behaviors of the AgNPs-loaded alginate beads embedded in gelatin scaffolds increased and nontoxic as wound dressings | [164, 165] |
| Vancomycin (VCM) and glyceryl tripalmitate | Oleic acid (OA), chitosan (CHT), and sodium alginate (ALG) | Hot high-pressure homogenization followed by ultrasonication | 202.5 ± 3.81 to 250.9 ± 9.04 | (i) Rod-shaped LPNs with suitable size, PDI, zeta potential, higher encapsulation efficiency, and potency as antibacterial activity | [87] |
| CM-chitin | Polypyrrole (PPY)/sodium alginate | Oxidative polymerization and templating | 117–217 ± 17 nm | (ii) Negative viscosity change of the dispersions resulting in a decrease in bulk alginate concentration | [166] |