Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by intervention arms.
| Characteristics | Total | App group | Paper-based diary group | P valuea | |
| Sex, n (%) |
|
|
|
.77 | |
|
|
Male | 33 (66) | 16 (64) | 17 (68) |
|
|
|
Female | 17 (34) | 9 (36) | 8 (32) |
|
| Age (year), mean (SD) | 26.0 (4.8) | 26.5 (5.3) | 25.6 (4.3) | .50 | |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 77.1 (11.5) | 77.9 (12.9) | 76.3 (10.2) | .62 | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 26.7 (2.7) | 27.1 (3.0) | 26.4 (2.5) | .54 | |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 91.7 (9.3) | 93.1 (9.6) | 90.3 (8.9) | .25 | |
| Body fat mass (kg), mean (SD) | 23.3 (6.3) | 24.2 (5.6) | 22.3 (6.9) | .29 | |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg), mean (SD) | 30.3 (6.1) | 30.2 (6.5) | 30.4 (5.7) | .91 | |
| Total physical activity (METb-hours/week), mean (SD) | 26.4 (25.6) | 25.3 (23.4) | 27.6 (28.1) | .87 | |
| Energy (kcal/day), mean (SD) | 2166.1 (546.5) | 2270.3 (522.1) | 2061.9 (560.8) | .18 | |
|
|
Carbohydrate (% energy/day) | 50.5 (6.7) | 48.8 (7.8) | 52.1 (5.1) | .11 |
|
|
Protein (% energy/day) | 18.6 (4.0) | 19.3 (4.2) | 17.8 (3.6) | .34 |
|
|
Fat (% energy/day) | 30.9 (5.7) | 31.7 (6.7) | 30.0 (4.4) | .34 |
| Total dietary fiber (g/day), mean (SD) | 17.0 (6.1) | 16.7 (5.9) | 17.4 (6.4) | .69 | |
| Calcium (mg/day), mean (SD) | 530.8 (237.9) | 512.8 (185.3) | 548.8 (283.8) | .74 | |
| Sodium (mg/day), mean (SD) | 4021.7 (1157.2) | 4110.6 (1124.0) | 3932.7 (1205.8) | >.99 | |
aChi-square tests were used for categorical variables, and independent t tests or Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney tests were used for continuous variables.
bMET: metabolic equivalent task.