Table 3.
Differences in changes in nutrient intake assessed from 24-hour recalls between the app group and the paper-based diary group (intent-to-treat analysis).
| Characteristic | App group (n=25), mean (SD) | Paper-based diary group (n=25), mean (SD) | P valuea | ||||||
|
|
Baseline | 6 weeks | P valueb | Baseline | 6 weeks | P valueb |
|
||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2269.7 (522.8) | 1983.5 (365.3) | .04 | 2061.9 (560.8 | 1780.6 (571.0) | .06 | .98 | ||
| Carbohydrate (% energy/day) |
48.8 (7.8) | 48.9 (8.5) | .95 | 52.2 (5.1) | 49.8 (8.3) | .20 | .34 | ||
| Protein (% energy/day) | 19.3 (4.2) | 19.7 (4.4) | .68 | 17.8 (3.6) | 17.4 (3.5) | .63 | .60 | ||
| Fat (% energy/day) | 31.9 (7.0) | 31.4 (7.4) | .70 | 30.0 (4.4) | 32.8 (7.6) | .13 | .18 | ||
| Saturated fat (% energy/day) |
12.1 (6.2) | 12.2 (6.5) | .83 | 10.4 (2.3) | 10.1 (2.4) | .50 | .76 | ||
| Total dietary fiber (g/day) | 16.7 (5.9) | 15.3 (5.1) | .42 | 17.4 (6.4) | 15.0 (5.7) | .10 | .64 | ||
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 371.9 (122.7) | 363.8 (160.3) | .70 | 363.0 (146.2) | 289.0 (100.7) | .04 | .35 | ||
| Calcium (mg/day) | 512.8 (185.3) | 525.2 (312.4) | .57 | 548.8 (283.8) | 438.9 (241.9) | .01 | .23 | ||
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | 1076.5 (300.2) | 1041.9 (297.1) | .63 | 1067.6 (281.1) | 878.1 (268.6) | .01 | .14 | ||
| Iron (mg/day) | 16.8 (12.3) | 14.5 (7.9) | .43 | 19.7 (32.3) | 17.9 (32.4) | .05 | .30 | ||
| Sodium (mg/day) | 4110.6 (1124) | 3833.4 (1176.3) | .23 | 3932.7 (1205.8) | 3531.9 (1596.0) | .21 | .77 | ||
| Potassium (mg/day) | 2254.4 (562.3) | 2318.1 (743.5) | .77 | 2325.9 (658.3) | 2015.7 (587.8) | .01 | .07 | ||
| Vitamin A (μg REc/day) | 742.0 (937.1) | 785.2 (1087.6) | .83 | 588.4 (716.9) | 574.1 (580.0) | .84 | .55 | ||
| Thiamine (mg/day) | 2.7 (5.1) | 2.9 (5.9) | .22 | 6.3 (21.5) | 1.6 (1.8) | .05 | .42 | ||
| Riboflavin (mg/day) | 2.9 (5.3) | 2.9 (5.8) | .78 | 5.9 (21.1) | 1.5 (1.3) | .09 | .35 | ||
| Niacin (mg/day) | 25.7 (28.7) | 24.3 (30.8) | .76 | 25.2 (28.7) | 18 (10.2) | .26 | .54 | ||
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 276.4 (338.0) | 201.7 (314.2) | .07 | 127.3 (120.0) | 154.7 (281.8) | .42 | .46 | ||
aIndependent t tests and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney tests were used to assess group differences.
bPaired t tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to assess differences in percent changes in nutrient intake pre- to postintervention.
cRE: retinol equivalents.