. 2020 Aug 16;2:100007. doi: 10.1016/j.talo.2020.100007

Table 3.

Coronavirus biosensors data.

Detection technique	Substrate	Immobilized material / Analyte	Monitored compound	Working Range	LOD	Sample	Ref.
Optical – LSPR	PMMA optical fiber	Anti-SARS-CoV N protein / SARS-CoV N protein (sandwich ELISA-like assay)	Fluorophore DyLight™ 649-modified secondary antibody	0.100 pg.mL⁻¹ – 1.00 ng.mL⁻¹	1.00 pg.mL⁻¹	Human serum from healthy donor	[177]
Optical – Confocal laser scanning microscopy	Glass chip	SARS-CoV N protein/ QDs-conjugated RNA aptamer	Fluorescence intensy of the QDs	0.1 – 50 pg.mL⁻¹	0.100 pg.mL⁻¹	Synthetic RNA aptamer	[178]
Optical – SPR	Gold-micropatterned chip	GBP-E-SCVme (SARS-CoV) fusion proteins / anti-SCVme	Label-free detection	Not determined	0.200 µg.mL⁻¹	Rabbit anti-SCVme	[179]
Colorimetric assay	Multiplexed Paper	MERS-CoV DNA/ acpcPNA-AgNPs	Color change of AgNPs aggregation	20.0 – 1.00 × 10³ nM	1.53 nM	Synthetic DNA oligonucleotides	[180]
Electrochemical – SWV	Array of carbon electrode	MERS-CoV and HumanCoV proteins/ Antibody for each virus	Reduction peak current of ferro/ferricyanide redox couple	0.010 –1.00 × 10⁴ ng.mL⁻¹	0.400 pg.mL⁻¹	Spiked nasal samples (HumasCoV)	[181]
				0.001 – 100 ng.mL⁻¹	1.00 pg.mL⁻¹	Spiked nasal samples (MERS-CoV)
Optical – LSPR	Two-dimensional gold nanoisland	SARS-CoV 2 cDNA/ SARS-CoV 2 nucleic acid	Label-free detection	0.100 pM – 1.00 μM	0.220 pM	Synthetic oligonucleotide	[182]
Electrochemical – Semiconductor analyzer	Graphene FET	SARS-CoV 2 spike antibody/ SARS-CoV 2 spike protein	Label-free detection	1.00 fg.mL⁻¹ – 10.0 pg.mL⁻¹	1.00 fg.mL⁻¹	PBS buffer	[183]
				16.0 – 1.60 × 10⁴ PFU.mL⁻¹	1.6 × 10¹ PFU.mL⁻¹	Cells culture
				10.0 – 1.00 × 10⁵ copies.mL⁻¹	242 copies.mL⁻¹	Nasopharyngeal swab specimens from COVID-19 patients
Piezoeletric	PQC sensor	SARS-CoV NG-8 aptamer/ SARS-CoV helicase protein	Magnetic bead enrichment	0.050 – 1.00 µg.mL⁻¹	3.50 ng.mL⁻¹	Human serum	[184]
Optical – SPR	Gold chip	SARS-CoV oligonucleotide probe / SARS-CoV PCR product	Label-free detection	1.00 nM – 1 µM	2.00 nM	Throat swab specimens	[185]

acpcPNA = pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acid; FET = Field-effect transistor; GBP-E = Gold binding polypeptides-enhanced green fluorescent protein; QD = Quantum-dots; PMMA = Polymethyl methacrylate; PPT = Plasmonic photothermal; PQC = Piezoelectric quartz crystal.