Table 1.
Demographic, Clinical, Medication, Biochemistry, and Doppler Echocardiographic Characteristics of the Study Population
| Measure (Mean/SD, Median [IQR], n [%]) | Total Population (n=37) | AF (n=10) | Non‐AF Controls (n=27) | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 67.7±9.9 | 70.7±9.4 | 66.6±10.1 | NS |
| Male, n (%) | 26 (70) | 8 (80) | 18 (67) | NS |
| Cardiovascular history | ||||
| Vascular disease, n (%) | 25 (68) | 5 (50) | 20 (74) | NS |
| Valvular heart disease, n (%) | 19 (51) | 9 (90) | 10 (37) | 0.003 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 6 (16) | 2 (20) | 4 (15) | NS |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 30 (70) | 7 (70) | 23 (85) | NS |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 23 (61) | 4 (40) | 17 (63) | NS |
| CHA2DS2VASC Score | 2.9±1.3 | 2.9±1.4 | 2.9±1.3 | NS |
| Cardiometabolic phenotype | ||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.2±3.2 | 27.4±3.3 | 27.2±3.2 | NS |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 135.5±7.0 | 136.0±3.7 | 135.1±8.0 | NS |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 79.8±6.7 | 79.8±6.8 | 79.9±6.8 | NS |
| Creatinine, mmol/L | 91±11 | 95±20 | 90±4 | NS |
| Cardiovascular medications | ||||
| RAAS modifying therapy, n (%) | 15 (41) | 3 (30) | 12 (44) | NS |
| Beta‐blocker, n (%) | 23 (62) | 5 (50) | 18 (67) | NS |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 13 (35) | 5 (50) | 8 (30) | NS |
| Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 4 (11) | 1 (10) | 3 (11) | NS |
| Statin, n (%) | 21 (57) | 4 (40) | 17 (63) | NS |
| Doppler echocardiography | ||||
| EF, % | 58±5 | 56±8 | 58±4 | NS |
| LVIDD, mm | 53±6 | 52±5 | 53±6 | NS |
| IVS, mm | 9.7±1.4 | 9.6±1.3 | 9.7±1.5 | NS |
| PW, mm | 10.9±1.7 | 9.9±1 | 11.2±1.8 | 0.035 |
| E/e’ | 9.5±2.8 | 10.0±2.6 | 9.4±2.9 | NS |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 28.9±4.3 | 32.3±5.4 | 27.7±3.2 | 0.003 |
| LVMI, g/m2 | 108.5±19.7 | 97.0±18.5 | 112.8±18.7 | 0.028 |
| Blood biochemistry | ||||
| PICP, ng/Ml | 300±114 | 253±42 | 317±127 | NS |
| CITP, ng/mL | 5.21±1.65 | 6.11±2.31 | 4.87±1.22 | 0.042 |
| PINP, ng/mL | 51.2±34.2 | 32.3±12.3 | 58.2±37.1 | 0.016 |
| PIIINP, ng/mL | 5.46±2.72 | 6.66±3.94 | 5.01±2.04 | NS |
| MCP1, pg/mL | 292±122 | 277±120 | 297±125 | NS |
| IL6, pg/mL | 9.13±9.15 | 10.54±9.75 | 8.61±9.06 | NS |
| IL8, pg/mL | 11.34±9.72 | 10.21±7.20 | 11.76±10.60 | NS |
| TNFα, pg/mL | 4.82±3.08 | 4.82±2.94 | 4.82±3.18 | NS |
| TIMP1, ng/mL | 1015±364 | 1146±576 | 966±244 | NS |
| MMP2, ng/mL | 907±217 | 951±238 | 890±211 | NS |
| MMP9, ng/mL | 302±361 | 432±469 | 253±308 | NS |
CHA2DS2VASC Score is a clinical prediction score summing: 1 for congestive heart failure (or left ventricular systolic dysfunction); 1 for hypertension; 2 for age ≥75 years; 1 for diabetes mellitus; 2 for prior stroke, transient ischemic attack, or thromboembolism; 1 for vascular disease; 1 for age 65 to 74 years; 1 for female sex. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; CITP, carboxy‐terminal telo‐peptide of Collagen 1; E/E’, Tissue Doppler early diastolic mitral annular velocity; EF, ejection fraction; IL6, interleukin 6; IL8, interleukin 8; IVS, intraventricular septal thickness; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVIDD, diastolic left ventricular internal diameter; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MMP2, matrix metalloproteinase 2; MMP9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; NS, Not Significant; PICP, carboxy terminal pro‐peptide of Collagen 1; PIIINP, amino‐terminal pro‐peptide of Collagen 3; PINP, amino‐terminal pro‐peptide of Collagen 1; PW, posterior wall thickness; RAAS, renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system; TIMP1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1; and TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha.
All pairwise comparisons P<0.05 are included.