Table 7.
Changes in Directly Measured CRF and eCRF Between the First and Second Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests for Follow‐Up Times ≤8 Months and ≥2 Years
| Variable | n | ≤8 mo | ICC (95% CI) | n | ≥2 y | ICC (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean±SD | R 2 | SEE | Mean±SD | R 2 | SEE | |||||
| Directly measured CRF | 4.3±4.9 | −2.4±6.7 | ||||||||
| No PA measure | ||||||||||
| Riddle et al 198024 | 486 | 0.5±1.6a | 0.08b | 1.6 | −0.08 (−0.17 to 0.01) | 324 | −4.5±4.7a | 0.31b | 3.9 | 0.47 (0.38–0.55)b |
| Wasserman et al 199425 | 486 | 0.4±1.3a | 0.09b | 1.2 | −0.11 (−0.20 to −0.03) | 324 | −3.8±3.8a | 0.32b | 3.2 | 0.46 (0.37–0.54)b |
| Jang et al 2012 (model 1)26 | 336 | 0.2±0.7a | 0.06b | 0.7 | −0.18 (−0.28 to −0.08) | 224 | −0.9±1.2a | 0.20b | 1.1 | 0.13 (−0.00 to 0.25) |
| Baynard et al 2016 (BMI)27 | 486 | 0.4±1.5a | 0.05b | 1.5 | −0.12 (−0.20 to −0.03) | 324 | −3.6±3.8a | 0.30b | 3.1 | 0.45 (0.36–0.53)b |
| Baynard et al 2016 (WC)27 | 390 | 0.7±1.9a | 0.12b | 1.8 | 0.01 (−0.09 to 0.11) | 250 | −3.5±4.2a | 0.29b | 3.5 | 0.48 (0.37–0.57)b |
| Myers et al 201728 | 486 | 0.4±1.1a | 0.11b | 1.0 | −0.12 (−0.21 to −0.03) | 324 | −4.0±3.8a | 0.34b | 3.1 | 0.47 (0.38–0.55)b |
| de Souza et al 201829 | 486 | 0.5±1.5a | 0.07b | 1.4 | −0.10 (−0.19 to −0.01) | 324 | −3.9±4.0a | 0.32b | 3.3 | 0.47 (0.38–0.55)b |
| Includes measure of PA | ||||||||||
| Jackson et al 1990 (BMI)30 | 357 | 5.1±5.6a | 0.15b | 5.1 | 0.37 (0.27–0.45)b | 236 | −3.0±7.4 | 0.28b | 6.3 | 0.52 (0.43–0.61)b |
| Jackson et al 1990 (%fat)30 | 158 | 5.8±4.9a | 0.09b | 4.7 | 0.26 (0.11–0.40)b | 154 | −2.0±6.7 | 0.27b | 5.7 | 0.51 (0.39–0.62)b |
| Heil et al 199531 | 158 | 5.1±4.3 | 0.09b | 4.1 | 0.29 (0.14–0.43)b | 154 | −1.4±5.8a | 0.27b | 4.9 | 0.50 (0.38–0.61)b |
| Whaley et al 1995 (BMI)32 | 398 | 3.9±4.7 | 0.12b | 4.4 | 0.35 (0.26–0.43)b | 259 | −2.4±6.3 | 0.22b | 5.6 | 0.47 (0.37–0.56)b |
| Whaley et al 1995 (%fat)32 | 184 | 4.3±4.5 | 0.05b | 4.4 | 0.23 (0.09–0.36)b | 163 | −2.2±5.9 | 0.26b | 5.1 | 0.51 (0.38–0.61)b |
| Matthews et al 199933 | 357 | 4.0±4.3 | 0.16b | 3.9 | 0.40 (0.31–0.49)b | 236 | −2.8±6.0 | 0.33b | 4.9 | 0.57 (0.48–0.65)b |
| Jurca et al 2005 (ACLS)34 | 353 | 4.2±4.2 | 0.18b | 3.8 | 0.42 (0.33–0.51)b | 234 | −2.4±5.8 | 0.30b | 4.9 | 0.54 (0.44–0.63)b |
| Jurca et al 2005 (ADNFS)34 | 353 | 1.9±2.4a | 0.15b | 2.2 | 0.21 (0.11–0.31)b | 234 | −3.8±4.5a | 0.33b | 3.7 | 0.51 (0.41–0.60)b |
| Jurca et al 2005 (NASA)34 | 353 | 3.5±3.5a | 0.19b | 3.2 | 0.41 (0.32–0.49)b | 234 | −3.0±5.5 | 0.34b | 4.5 | 0.57 (0.48–0.65)b |
| Wier et al 2006 (BMI)35 | 357 | 4.3±4.7 | 0.16b | 4.4 | 0.40 (0.31–0.48)b | 236 | −3.0±6.6 | 0.29b | 5.6 | 0.54 (0.45–0.63)b |
| Wier et al 2006 (%fat)35 | 158 | 5.2±4.4 | 0.09b | 4.2 | 0.28 (0.13–0.42)b | 154 | −2.2±6.1 | 0.27b | 5.3 | 0.52 (0.39–0.62)b |
| Wier et al 2006 (WC)35 | 293 | 4.4±4.7 | 0.17b | 4.3 | 0.41 (0.31–0.50)b | 192 | −2.4±5.8 | 0.29b | 4.9 | 0.54 (0.43–0.63)b |
| Nes et al 201136 | 292 | 3.2±3.6a | 0.22b | 3.2 | 0.45 (0.35–0.53)b | 192 | −2.6±4.8 | 0.36b | 3.8 | 0.57 (0.47–0.66)b |
| Cáceres et al 2012 (9 levels)37 | 259 | −0.9±3.0a | 0.00 | 3.0 | −0.28 (−0.39 to −0.16) | 172 | −3.9±4.2a | 0.10b | 4.0 | 0.27 (0.13–0.41)b |
| Cáceres et al 2012 (5 levels)37 | 259 | −1.5±2.4a | 0.04b | 2.4 | −0.43 (−0.52 to −0.32) | 173 | −4.0±3.9a | 0.11b | 3.7 | 0.27 (0.13–0.41)b |
| Jackson et al 2012 (BMI, 5‐level PA)20 | 225 | 2.3±2.5a | 0.23b | 2.2 | 0.34 (0.22–0.45)b | 158 | −1.9±3.8 | 0.32b | 3.1 | 0.50 (0.37–0.60)b |
| Jackson et al 2012 (%fat, 5‐level PA)20 | 114 | 2.5±2.6a | 0.12b | 2.5 | 0.26 (0.08–0.42)b | 126 | −1.3±3.6a | 0.32b | 3.0 | 0.48 (0.33–0.60)b |
| Jackson et al 2012 (BMI, 2‐level PA)20 | 225 | 2.2±2.5a | 0.21b | 2.2 | 0.32 (0.20–0.44)b | 158 | −2.1±3.9 | 0.32b | 3.2 | 0.50 (0.38–0.61)b |
| Jackson et al 2012 (%fat, 2‐level PA)20 | 114 | 2.4±2.6a | 0.11b | 2.5 | 0.24 (0.06–0.41)b | 126 | −1.5±3.7a | 0.31b | 3.1 | 0.48 (0.33–0.60)b |
| Jang et al 2012 (model 2)26 | 272 | 2.1±2.3a | 0.20b | 2.1 | 0.30 (0.19–0.41)b | 182 | −0.6±2.9a | 0.22b | 2.6 | 0.30 (0.16–0.42)b |
%Fat indicates percentage body fat; ACLS, equation based on data from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study; ADNFS, equation based on data from the Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey; BMI, body mass index; CRF, cardiorespiratory fitness; eCRF, estimated CRF; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; NASA, equation based on data from National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Johnson Space Center; PA, physical activity; and WC, waist circumference.
a
Significantly different from directly measured CRF.
b
Significant correlation/association with directly measured CRF.