Table 1.
Study Characteristics
| Study, Y/Study Design | Country/Population | Number (%Male) | Mean Age±SD | BP Monitoring | BP Pattern | Imaging | CSVD Feature(s) | Confounder Adjusted | Quality Assessment (NOS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hamada et al,23 2003/cross‐sectional | Japan/adults aged 50–76 y with depression | 36 (50%) | 64.46±5.9 | Automated 24‐h ambulatory BP | Non‐dipping | 1.5 T MRI | ALI | N/A |
S3 C0 O3 |
| Yamamoto et al,24 2005/cross‐sectional | Japan/acute lacunar infarction | 200 (61%) | 68.8±9.3 | Automated 24‐h ambulatory BP (2–4 wk after stroke) |
Non‐dipping, reverse‐dipping |
1.5 T MRI | ALI, WMH by Fazekas scale | Age, sex |
S4 C2 O3 |
| Henskens et al,25 2008/cross‐sectional | Netherlands/untreated hypertensive patients | 218 (50.5%) | 52.5±12.6 | Automated 24‐h ambulatory BP | Non‐dipping | 1.5 T MRI | CMBs on T2*‐weighted GE image | Age (y), sex, duration of hypertension, prior BP‐lowering agent, smoking, ratio of total/HDL, advanced WMH |
S5 C2 O3 |
| Staals et al,26 2009/cross‐sectional | Netherlands/first lacunar stroke | 97 (61%) | 64.6±11.7 | Automated 24‐h ambulatory BP (1–6 mo after stroke) | Nocturnal SBP dip | 1.5 T MRI | CMBs on T2*‐weighted GE image | Age, sex, number of BP‐lowering agents, asymptomatic lacunar infarction, extensive white matter lesions |
S5 C2 O3 |
| Ma et al,27 2010/cross‐sectional | China/hypertensive patients | 188 (42.5%) | 64±6.6 | Automated 24‐h ambulatory BP | Non‐dipping | MRI | ALI | N/A |
S4 C0 O3 |
| Yamamoto et al,28 2011/cross‐sectional | Japan/acute lacunar infarction | 224 (60%) | 69.8±9.34 | Automated 24‐h ambulatory BP (>2 wk after stroke) | Non‐dipper, reverse‐dipping | 1.5 T MRI |
Multiple ALI gr 3 vs gr 1, WMH Fazekas scale gr 3 vs gr 1 |
eGFR level |
S4 C1 O3 |
| Shimizu et al,29 2011/cross‐sectional | Japan/hypertensive patients | 514 (37%) | 72.3±8.7 | Automated 24‐h ambulatory BP | Non‐dipping | 1.5 T MRI | ALI | N/A |
S4 C2 O3 |
| Lee et al,30 2014/cross‐sectional | Korea/adults aged 40–69 y (exclude hypertension) | 703 (47.5%) | 59.43±6.79 | Automated 24‐h ambulatory BP | Non‐dipping, reverse‐dipping | 1.5 T MRI | WMH by ARWMC scale | Age (y), sex, BMI, total cholesterol, hs‐CRP, DM, smoking, alcohol |
S4 C2 O3 |
| Kwon et al,31 2014/cross‐sectional | Korea/acute ischemic stroke with hypertension | 162 (61.7%) | 65.33±10.32 | Automated 24‐h ambulatory BP | Non‐dipping, reverse‐dipping | 1.5 T MRI | CMBs on T2*‐weighted GE image | Age (y), sex, LDL, 24 h mean SBP/DBP |
S4 C2 O3 |
| Yamashiro et al,32 2018/cross‐sectional | Japan/Parkinson disease | 128 (43%) | 82.1±3.9 | Automated 24‐h ambulatory BP | Non‐dipping | 3 T MRI | CMBs on T2* by Microbleed Anatomical Rating Scale | N/A |
S4 C0 O3 |
| White et al,33 2018/cross‐sectional | USA/elderly aged ≥75 y | 199 (45.7%) | 81.2±4.1 | Automated 24‐h ambulatory BP | Non‐dipping | 1.5 T MRI | WMH volume | N/A |
S4 C0 O3 |
| Nakanishi et al,34 2019/cross‐sectional | /adults aged ≥55 y (exclude history of stroke) | 828 (39.9%) | 70.9±9 | Automated 24‐h ambulatory BP | Non‐dipping | 1.5 T MRI | ALI, High WMH volume (upper quartile) |
ALI : age (y), sex, hypertension, AF, LV mass index, interval between ABPM and MRI WMH : age, race, hypertension, AF, LV mass index, LA diameter, interval between ABPM and MRI |
S4 C2 O3 |
ABPM indicates ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; AF, atrial fibrillation; ALI, asymptomatic lacunar infarct; ARWMC, age‐related white mater changes; BMI, body mass index; CMBs, cerebral microbleeds; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GE, gradient echo; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; LA, left atrium; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LV, left ventricle; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; N/A, not available; NOS, Newcastle Ottawa Scale; OR, odds ratio; S, C, O, selection, comparability, and outcome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; and WMH, white matter hyperintensity.