Table 4 –
Multivariate predictors of dual use transitions at 2-year follow up among adults (≥18 years): Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study, United States, 2013–2016
| Predictors of dual use transitions at 2-year follow-up among adults (>18 years) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cessation | Harm reduction | Cigarette transition | |
| Adjusted RRR (95% CI) | Adjusted RRR (95% CI) | Adjusted RRR (95% CI) | |
| Demographic and behavioral factors | |||
| Age, years (ref: 18—24) | |||
| 25–34 | 0.74 (0.34–1.62) | 1.33 (0.46–3.88) | 0.90 (0.53–1.54) |
| ≥ 35 | 0.37 (0.10–2.29) | 1.38 (0.24–7.76) | 1.23 (0.53–2.85) |
| Gender | |||
| Male (vs. female) | 1.21 (0.67–2.18) | 1.19 (0.57–2.49) | 0.96 (0.67–1.38) |
| Race/ethnicity (ref: White) | |||
| Black | 0.98 (0.23–4.05) | 0.60 (0.10–6.60) | 1.62 (0.62–4.22) |
| Hispanic | 1.52 (0.64–3.62) | 0.78 (0.20–3.04) | 1.14 (0.67–1.96) |
| Other | 1.65 (0.48–5.63) | 0.21 (0.02–1.88) | 1.21 (0.53–2.80) |
| Educationa | |||
| ≥Some college degree (vs. ≤high school) | 1·07 (0·59–1·94) | 0.41 (0.17–1.00) | 0.73 (0.50–1.05) |
| Household income (ref: <$25,000) | |||
| $25,000–49,999 | 0.97 (0.48–1.92) | 1.67 (0.62–4.51) | 1.57 (0.96–2.55) |
| ≥$50,000 | 1.19 (0.58–2.46) | 2.71 (1.00–7.45) | 1.16 (0.73–1.84) |
| Age at 1st exposure to tobacco product, years | |||
| <18 (vs. ≥18) | 0.44 (0.20–0.97) | 0.47 (0.16–1.44) | 0.75 (0.41–1.38) |
| Duration of tobacco use | 1.01 (0.95–1.06) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 1·00 (0·99–1·01) |
| Other tobacco use | |||
| Yes (vs. no) | 1.52 (0.74–3.14) | 0·75 (0.29–1.97) | 0.88 (0.56–1.38) |
| Past-month marijuana | |||
| Yes (vs. no) | 1.02 (0.52–2.02) | 0.68 (0.31–1.50) | 0.98 (0.63–1.54) |
| ND symptoms severity (ref: 0–3) | |||
| 4–5 | 0.38 (0.18–0.81) | 0.73 (0.30–1.76) | 0.91 (0.57–1.46) |
| 6–7 | 0.29 (0.12–0.71) | 0.22 (0.04–1.08) | 0.87 (0.50–1.50) |
| ND symptoms domain | |||
| Presence of ND symptoms | |||
| Yes (vs. no) | 0.10 (0.01–1.02) | 0.15 (0.01–3.21) | 0.55 (0.03–10.28) |
| Interest in quitting domain | |||
| Presence of interest in quitting | |||
| Yes (vs. no) | 1.30 (0.37–4.56) | 0.98 (0.08–11.27) | 0.79 (0.28–2.20) |
| Clinical factors domain | |||
| Presence of clinical factors | |||
| Yes (vs. no) | 0.95 (0.44–2.05) | 0.75 (0.30–1.87) | 0.93 (0.56–1.54) |
Definitions: Cessation indicates no past-month tobacco use; harm reduction: e-cigarette mono use; cigarette transition: cigarette mono use.
Abbreviations: CI indicates confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ND, nicotine dependence; RRR, relative risk ratio.
≤ high school denotes less than high school/GED/high school graduate; ≥some college degree denotes some college/associate’s/bachelor’s/advanced degree. Multinomial logistic regression modelling with dual use as reference group. Only variables with p<0.2 from the bivariate associations were included in the final model. Model was adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, income, age at first exposure to tobacco, duration of tobacco use, past-month marijuana, other tobacco use, marijuana, presence of ND symptoms, presence of interest in quitting and presence of clinical factors. Due to high correlation between ND severity and ND symptoms summary variables (r=0.8, p<0.0001), we introduced them separately in the multivariate model.