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DPSC-EXO were used as cargo to validate the EXO-MS platform in vitro. Biologic activity of EXO-MS eluent (0.1 mg/mL EXO-MS in odontogenic media) demonstrated by mineralization (A, B) and odontogenic differentiation (C) of hDPSCs after two weeks of exposure, due to the controlled release of DPSC-EXO. Blank EXO-MS showed negligible therapeutic effect, while DPSC-EXO loaded EXO-MS showed significant increases in both mineralization and odontogenic gene expression.
