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. 2020 Jul 15;12(4):895–901. doi: 10.1007/s12551-020-00722-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — A COMSOL program was designed to mathematically simulate the advection of an arbitrary molecule A, floating in one sarcomere of a CM towards the sarcolemma. The advection is due to contraction of CM. For a CM to contract, the sarcomere must shorten from 2.2 to 1.6 μm. a One CM was assumed as a cylinder, consisting of several symmetric sarcomeres. Since sarcomeres are similar repeating units, one contracting sarcomere was modeled. Moreover, it was assumed that the liquid inside the sarcomere is incompressible. b The finite-element mesh was generated to divide the model into small elements, over which a set of Navier-Stokes equations were solved. c When the sarcomere contracts, the pressure from the liquid is exerted to the contracting z-disks. The exerted pressure in different parts of the z-disk is shown by color-coded contours. d The arrows are the velocity vector (advection), caused by shortening the sarcomere. The arrow length is proportional to the magnitude of velocity