Fig. 2.

Scheme for the signaling pathways of cardiomyocyte in diseased heart under oxidative (right) and healthy (left) conditions. A Represents a heart under oxidative condition with impaired endothelial function via increased inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. B Represents a healthy condition showing a normal endothelial function via normal/low inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress (green arrow pointing upwards means increase and green arrow pointing down means decrease). Abbreviations: cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; PKG, protein kinase G; H₂O₂, hydrogen peroxide; NO, nitric oxide; ONOO-, peroxynitrite; PKG, protein kinase G; PKA, protein kinase A; PKC, protein kinase C; CaMKII, calcium calmodulin–dependent kinase II; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; sGC, soluble guanylyl cyclase; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione