Fig. 6. In vitro treatment with 2-HOBA suppresses oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis and inflammation.

a Human aortic endothelial cells were incubated for 24 h with 250 μM H₂O₂ alone or with either 4-HOBA or 2-HOBA (500 μM). Apoptotic cells were then detected by Annexin V staining and flow cytometry. n = 6 biologically independent experiments per group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test, p values of 2-HOBA vs 4-HOBA and 2-HOBA vs vehicle are ***<0.0001. b Mouse primary macrophages were incubated for 24 h with 250 μM H₂O₂ alone or with either 4-HOBA or 2-HOBA (500 μM). n = 6 biologically independent experiments per group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test, p values of 2-HOBA vs 4-HOBA and 2-HOBA vs vehicle are ***0.0006 and ***0.0009. c–e The mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were analyzed by real-time PCR in the peritoneal macrophages incubated for 24 h with either oxidized LDL alone or with either 4-HOBA or 2-HOBA (500 μM). n = 3 biologically independent experiments per group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test, p values of 2-HOBA vs vehicle and 2-HOBA vs 4-HOBA are ***<0.0001. f–h The mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were analyzed by real-time PCR in the peritoneal macrophages incubated for 24 h with either 250 μM H₂O₂ alone or with either 4-HOBA or 2-HOBA (500 μM). n = 3 biologically independent experiments per group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test, p values of 2-HOBA vs vehicle and 2-HOBA vs 4-HOBA are ***<0.0001. Source data are provided as a source data file.