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. 2020 Aug 14;11(8):630. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-02866-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Silibinin structure. b MTT assay showed that silibinin inhibited the viabilities of U87, U251, SHG-44, and C6 glioma cells in a dosage-dependent manner. c Western blotting analysis showed that silibinin induced time-dependent upregulation of ATG5 and LC3-II, but downregulation of autophagy substrate p62(SQSTM1). d Representative images of the cells tranfected with StubRFP-SensGFP-LC3B lentivirus under confocal microscope revealed that silibinin induced formation of autophagosomes (yellow punta) and autolysosomes (violet puncta). e Western blotting analysis showed that 3MA abrogated silibinin-induced upregulation of LC3-II and reduction of p62. Bafilomycin A1 reversed silibinin-induced p62 reduction, but it further improved LC3-II levels. f LDH release assay proved that silibinin-induced glioma cell death was prevented in the presence of 3MA or bafilomycin A1. g Western blotting demonstrated that knockdown of ATG5 with SiRNA inhibited silibinin-induced upregulation of LC3-II and reduction of p62. h LDH release assay showed that silibinin-induced glioma cell death was abrogated when ATG5 was knocked down with SiRNA. The values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5 per group).