Table 2.
Reading for pleasure (age 7) and SDQ (age 11) among children with no reading difficulty.
| ATT (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|
| Strengths and difficulties | ||
| Hyperactivity/Inattention | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.00) | 0.028 |
| Prosocial behaviour | 0.05 (0.01, 0.09) | 0.018 |
| Emotional problems | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.387 |
| Peer problems | 0.04 (−0.00, 0.08) | 0.056 |
| Conduct problems | −0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0.952 |
| Mean bias | 0.6 | |
| Rubin's B | 4.2 | |
| Rubin's R | 1.08 | |
| N | 6855 | |
Note. Columns present ATT estimates from PSM models using Epanechnikov kernel matching with 0.05 bandwidths; common support condition is imposed. The models controlled all covariates. ATT 95% confidence intervals in parentheses were computed by bootstrapping with 100 replications. Success of the propensity score matching was assessed using a percentage bias of <10% for each covariate, Rubin's B <25%, and Rubin's R of 0.5–2. Models controlled for children's gender and ethnicity; parents' marital status, educational levels, and employment status; mental health condition of parents; the levels of closeness between parents and children; parent-child reading engagement frequency; and children's strengths and difficulties indexes at baseline.