Table 2.
Patient- and site-level characteristics associated with TB incidence during ART among children starting ART, Côte d’Ivoire, 2004–2008
| Original n | Crude |
Adjusted |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rate (per 100 cy) | HR | (95%CI) | P value | aHR | (95%CI) | P value | ||
| Age at enrollment, per year increase | 1960 | — | 1.10 | (1.03–1.18) | 0.003 | 1.08 | (0.99–1.15) | 0.067 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 1065 | 1.03 | 1.00 | — | — | 1.00 | — | — |
| Females | 895 | 1.72 | 1.64 | (0.96–2.78) | 0.068 | 1.61 | (0.94–2.76) | 0.081 |
| Maternal vital status | ||||||||
| Mother alive | 1048 | 1.06 | 1.00 | — | — | 1.00 | — | — |
| Mother dead | 502 | 1.87 | 1.87 | (1.05–3.34) | 0.033 | 1.45 | (0.77–2.72) | 0.250 |
| Paternal vital status | ||||||||
| Father alive | 1067 | 1.31 | 1.00 | — | — | 1.00 | — | — |
| Father dead | 324 | 1.40 | 1.13 | (0.58–2.23) | 0.714 | 0.73 | (0.35–1.52) | 0.584 |
| Year of ART start, per increase in calendar year | 1960 | 0.98 | (0.79–1.21) | 0.841 | 0.88 | (0.69–1.13) | 0.313 | |
| WHO Stage | ||||||||
| I/II | 324 | 0.70 | 1.00 | — | — | 1.00 | — | — |
| III | 904 | 1.28 | 1.95 | (0.65–5.83) | 0.232 | 1.82 | (0.58–5.66) | 0.299 |
| IV | 410 | 2.09 | 3.04 | (0.98–9.41) | 0.054 | 2.00 | (0.58–6.93) | 0.271 |
| Undernutrition | ||||||||
| Per WAZ unit increase in severity | 1911 | — | 0.81 | (0.73–0.91) | ,0.001 | 0.87 | (0.77–1.00) | 0.047 |
| CD4 cell count, % | ||||||||
| >20 | 149 | 0.71 | 1.00 | — | — | 1.00 | — | — |
| 10–20 | 825 | 1.15 | 1.78 | (0.42–7.49) | 0.434 | 1.75 | (0.41–7.40) | 0.446 |
| <10 | 722 | 1.71 | 2.60 | (0.61–11.0) | 0.194 | 1.86 | (0.42–8.23) | 0.413 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | ||||||||
| ≥8 | 1327 | 1.21 | 1.00 | — | — | 1.00 | — | — |
| <8 | 300 | 2.01 | 1.56 | (0.78–3.13) | 0.210 | 1.24 | (0.58–2.66) | 0.572 |
| Site size | ||||||||
| >100 ART patients aged <15 years ever | 1106 | 1.16 | 1.00 | — | — | 1.00 | — | — |
| ≤100 ART patients aged <15 years ever | 854 | 1.75 | 1.22 | (0.71–2.067) | 0.471 | 1.26 | (0.49–3.24) | 0.996 |
| Site type | ||||||||
| Primary | 1117 | 1.51 | 1.00 | — | — | 1.00 | — | — |
| Secondary | 222 | 0.66 | 0.43 | (0.13–1.40) | 0.161 | 0.32 | (0.08–1.29) | 0.109 |
| Tertiary | 621 | 1.34 | 0.84 | (0.47–1.50) | 0.551 | 0.82 | (0.26–2.62) | 0.742 |
| Any stock-out of ARVs (first- or second-line) in last year | ||||||||
| No | 1073 | 0.91 | 1.00 | — | — | 1.00 | — | — |
| Yes | 887 | 2.18 | 2.00 | (1.17–3.43) | 0.012 | 1.47 | (0.60–3.59) | 0.398 |
| Nutritional support at site? | ||||||||
| Yes | 687 | 0.86 | 1.00 | — | — | 1.00 | — | — |
| No | 1273 | 1.66 | 1.73 | (0.95–3.18) | 0.075 | 1.42 | (0.55–3.68) | 0.467 |
| TB care provided onsite? | ||||||||
| Yes | 625 | 1.63 | 1.00 | — | — | 1.00 | — | — |
| No | 1335 | 1.27 | 0.89 | (0.51–1.57) | 0.700 | 1.09 | (0.45–2.67) | 0.844 |
TB = tuberculosis; ART = antiretroviral therapy; cy = child-years; HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; aHR = adjusted hazard ratio; WHO = World Health Organization; WAZ = weight-for-age Z-score; ARV = antiretroviral.