. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Interpers Violence. 2019 Mar 12;36(15-16):7414–7435. doi: 10.1177/0886260519834996

Table 4.

Multilevel Negative Binomial Regression Models by Alleged Maltreatment Type

	Neglect		Physical abuse		Sexual abuse		Multi-type
	b(se)	IRR	b(se)	IRR	b(se)	IRR	b(se)	IRR
State variables
Reasonable/Probable cause evidentiary standard	0.58 (0.16)^***^c	1.78	0.52 (0.21)^*	1.67	0.07 (0.17)^ad	1.08	0.62 (0.15)^***^c	1.86
Credible evidentiary standard	0.27 (0.18)	1.31	0.13 (0.22)	1.14	−0.13 (0.20)	0.87	0.22 (0.16)	1.24
County/Hybrid administration	0.24 (0.19)	1.27	0.00 (0.32)	1.00	0.05 (0.14)	1.06	0.30 (0.19)	1.35
Indicated disposition option	−0.48 (0.18)^**	0.62	−0.47 (0.21)^*	0.62	−0.29 (0.19)	0.75	−0.76 (0.26)^**	0.47
Breadth of state definitions	−0.08 (0.09)	0.92	−0.01 (0.12)	0.99	0.00 (0.07)	1.00	−0.03 (0.09)	0.97
County variables
Retention	0.00 (0.01)	1.00	−0.01 (0.02)	0.99	0.03 (0.02)	1.03	0.01 (0.02)	1.01
Workload	−0.04 (0.01)^***	0.96	−0.05 (0.02)^**	0.95	−0.03 (0.01)	0.97	−0.06 (0.01)^***	0.95
Alternative response usage	−0.29 (0.10)^**^c	0.75	−0.24 (0.11)^*^c	0.79	0.01 (0.03)^ab	1.01	−0.10 (0.07)	0.91
Racial/Ethnic group
Pct. Black	−0.05 (0.01)^***	0.95	0.03 (0.02)	1.03	−0.02 (0.01)	0.98	−0.03 (0.01)^**	0.97
Pct. American Indian	0.02 (0.01)	1.02	0.00 (0.02)	1.00	−0.03 (0.01)^*	0.97	0.02 (0.01)	1.02
Pct. Multiracial	−0.02 (0.02)	0.98	−0.02 (0.02)	0.98	−0.03 (0.02)	0.97	0.01 (0.02)	1.01
Pct. Asian/Pacific Islander	−0.00 (0.02)	1.00	−0.01 (0.01)	0.99	0.01 (0.02)	1.01	−0.01 (0.02)	0.99
Pct. Hispanic	0.02 (0.01)	1.02	−0.03 (0.01)^**	0.97	0.02 (0.02)	1.02	0.01 (0.01)	1.01
Age group
Pct. Under 3 years old	0.05 (0.02)^*^c	1.05	0.09 (0.03)^*^c	1.09	−0.03 (0.02)	0.97	0.08 (0.02)^**^c	1.08
Pct. Ages 11 to 17	−0.02 (0.02)^c	0.98	−0.07 (0.02)^**^c	0.94	0.13 (0.02)^***	1.13	0.01 (0.02)^c	1.01
Referral source
Pct. Law enforcement	0.15 (0.02)^***	1.16	0.17 (0.04)^***	1.19	0.12 (0.04)^**	1.12	0.20 (0.02)^***	1.22
Pct. Education/Child care	0.02 (0.02)	1.02	0.03 (0.05)	1.03	−0.01 (0.04)	0.99	0.05 (0.02)^**	1.05
Pct. Other mandatory	0.14 (0.02)^***	1.15	0.08 (0.05)	1.09	0.05 (0.04)	1.06	0.11 (0.02)^***	1.11
Constant	−1.59 (0.25)^***		−2.13 (0.33)^***		−1.39 (0.17)^***		−1.36 (0.23)^***
ln Alpha (dispersion parameter)	−2.25 (0.13)^***		−2.36 (0.12)^***		−2.94 (0.16)^***		−2.66 (0.14)^***
var(_constant, state)	0.21 (0.06)^***		0.40 (0.14)^**		0.13 (0.03)^***		0.22 (0.05)^***

Note: IRR= incidence rate ratio (exponentiated coefficients). Reference group for racial group is % White; reference group for age if % ages 4-10; reference group for referral source is % voluntary, anonymous, or unknown.

p<.05

^**

p<.01

^***

p<.001

=significantly different from neglect model at p<.05

=significantly different from physical abuse model at p<.05

=significantly different from sexual abuse model at p<.05

=significantly different from multi-type model at p<.05