Table 5.
Multi-level logistic regression examining associations between county factors and out-of-home placement by race/ethnicity
| M10 White and placement AOR (95% CI) N=1,769,659 |
M11 Black and placement AOR (95% CI) N=769,354 |
M12 American Indian and placement AOR (95% CI) N=38,065 |
M13 Asian and placement AOR (95% CI) N=31,450 |
M14 Hawaiian/PI and placement AOR (95% CI) N=6,395 |
M15 Multi-racial and placement AOR (95% CI) N=151,658 |
M16 Hispanic and placement AOR (95% CI) N=852,428 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| County variables | |||||||
| Percent single-headed households | 1.086* (1.064, 1.109) | 1.055* (1.016, 1.093) | 1.094* (1.020, 1.173) | 1.182* (1.048, 1.333) | 1.121 (0.884, 1.421) | 1.080* (1.034, 1.128) | 1.153* (1.116, 1.192) |
| Child poverty rate | 0.926* (0.867, 0.989) | 0.852* (0.775, 0.937) | 1.095 (0.852, 1.408) | 1.045 (0.722, 1.513) | 0.182 (0.023, 1.471) | 0.949 (0.811, 1.112) | 0.935 (0.836, 1.046) |
| Percent Black | 0.917* (0.894, 0.941) | 0.970 (0.935, 1.006) | 1.218* (1.052, 1.410) | 0.879 (0.743, 1.041) | 0.918 (0.644 1.307) | 0.930* (0.885, 0.978) | 0.906* (0.868, 0.945) |
| Percent Hispanic | 1.018 (0.985, 1.053) | 1.048 (0.993, 1.106) | 1.089 (0.986, 1.202) | 1.095 (0.962, 1.247) | 0.941 (0.716, 1.238) | 0.990 (0.931, 1.053) | 0.944* (0.913, 0.977) |
| Percent American Indian | 0.994 (0.979, 1.052) | 0.950 (0.896, 1.006) | 0.994 (0.977, 1.011) | 1.514* (1.054, 1.258) | 0.921 (0.677, 1.226) | 0.980 (0.956, 1.004) | 0.993 (0.974, 1.012) |
| Juvenile arrest rate | 0.971* (0.953, 0.989) | 0.962* (0.934, 0.991) | 1.007 (0.959, 1.056) | 0.940 (0.848, 1.042) | 1.003 (0.813, 1.237) | 0.950* (0.914, 0.987) | 0.953* (0.927, 0.980) |
| Rural | 0.971 (0.941, 1.002) | 0.967 (0.910, 1.027) | 0.951 (0.844, 1.070) | 0.813 (0.585, 1.129) | 0.904 (0.577, 1.417) | 1.005 (0.939, 1.076) | 1.038 (0.983, 1.096) |
| Individual controls | |||||||
| Male child | 0.986* (0.974, 0.998) | 0.959* (0.943, 0.976) | 0.940 (0.881, 1.002) | 0.958* (0.869, 1.057) | 0.956 (0.791, 1.156) | 0.955* (0.922, 0.989) | 0.965* (0.950, 0.980) |
| Child age | 0.944* (0.943, 0.945) | 0.970* (0.968, 0.972) | 0.940* (0.934, 0.947) | 0.986* (0.977, 0.996) | 0.982 (0.964, 1.001) | 0.945* (0.941, 0.948) | 0.954* (0.953, 0.956) |
| Prior victim | 2.685* (2.648, 2.722) | 2.867* (2.811, 2.924) | 1.964* (1.822, 2.118) | 4.235* (3.757, 4.775) | 3.613* (2.865, 4.557) | 1.997* (1.921, 2.077) | 3.448* (3.387, 3.510) |
| Neglect | 2.942* (2.842, 3.045) | 2.415* (2.327, 2.506) | 6.344* (4.957, 8.118) | 2.430* (2.002, 2.951) | 2.584* (1.761, 3.792) | 2.717* (2.479, 2.978) | 2.743* (2.662, 2.827) |
| Physical abuse | 1.709* (1.644, 1.777) | 1.709* (1.638, 1.783) | 3.447* (2.616, 4.541) | 1.369* (1.092, 1.717) | 1.577* (1.014, 2.454) | 1.719* (1.549, 1.907) | 1.422* (1.367, 1.479) |
| Sexual abuse | 1.586* (1.515, 1.661) | 1.561* (1.473, 1.654) | 4.168* (3.003, 5.785) | 1.722* (1.266, 2.340) | 1.268 (0.655, 2.455) | 1.740* (1.525, 1.986) | 1.186* (1.123, 1.252) |
| Emotional abuse | 1.220* (1.147, 1.297) | 0.984 (0.922, 1.060) | 2.266* (1.597, 3.216) | 0.702* (0.515, 0.955) | 0.753 (0.362, 1.564) | 1.089 (0.928, 1.278) | 0.773* (0.732, 0.817) |
| Multiple maltreatment types | 3.502* (3.376, 3.633) | 2.843* (2.730, 2.961) | 6.589* (5.088, 8.535) | 2.270* (1.846, 2.791) | 3.462* (2.293, 5.225) | 3.247* (2.945, 3.581) | 2.453* (2.374, 2.533) |
| Other maltreatment type | 0.676* (0.639, 0.717) | 0.822* (0.768, 0.881) | 2.452* (1.560, 3.855) | 0.919 (0.553, 1.527) | 0.840 (0.466, 1.515) | 0.965 (0.822, 1.132) | 0.821* (0.751, 0.898) |
| Reporter: medical/mental health | 0.693* (0.677, 0.709) | 0.691* (0.669, 0.713) | 0.811* (0.718, 0.914) | 0.461* (0.381, 0.558) | 0.699 (0.483, 1.012) | 0.732* (0.687, 0.780) | 0.586* (0.569, 0.603) |
| Reporter: law | 0.840* (0.822, 0.857) | 0.729* (0.708, 0.750) | 0.968 (0.871, 1.075) | 0.772* (0.648, 0.920) | 0.996 (0.716, 1.389) | 0.868* (0.819, 0.920) | 0.738* (0.718, 0.759) |
| Reporter: education/child care | 0.386* (0.376, 0.395) | 0.339* (0.327, 0.350) | 0.413* (0.361, 0.473) | 0.277* (0.228, 0.335) | 0.516* (0.365, 0.730) | 0.385* (0.359, 0.414) | 0.284* (0.275, 0.293) |
| Reporter: foster parent | 1.203* (1.106, 1.309) | 1.399* (1.251, 1.566) | 0.883 (0.576, 1.353) | 1.144 (0.497, 2.636) | 0.728 (0.830, 6.394) | 0.786 (0.609, 1.015) | 1.070 (0.933, 1.228) |
| Reporter: other voluntary reporter | 0.373* (0.365, 0.381) | 0.350* (0.339, 0.362) | 0.525* (0.465, 0.592) | 0.465* (0.369, 0.586) | 0.561* (0.372, 0.845) | 0.365* (0.343, 0.389) | 0.361* (0.350, 0.373) |
| Reporter: anonymous | 0.329* (0.320, 0.338) | 0.248* (0.238, 0.258) | 0.418* (0.350, 0.500) | 0.255* (0.184, 0.355) | 0.471* (0.285, 0.778) | 0.328* (0.302, 0.356) | 0.277* (0.267, 0.288) |
| Reporter: unknown | 0.517* (0.504, 0.530) | 0.515* (0.498, 0.534) | 0.672* (0.592, 0.762) | 0.563* (0.466, 0.681) | 0.798 (0.545, 1.168) | 0.539* (0.503, 0.578) | 0.529* (0.513, 0.545) |
Note: In addition to the variables in the table, all models control for state and year fixed-effects and % missing race.
*
p<0.05
AOR= Adjust Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence interval