Table 2.
Baseline characteristics and measured parameters of the study participants
| Variables | Control n = 23 | Intervention n = 23 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr. | 63.47 ± 7.24 | 62.08 ± 7.0 | 0.506 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Smoking habit, yr. | 33.26 ± 12.36 | 32.73 ± 14.89 | 0.902 |
| Age starting smoking, yr. | 25.22 ± 11.55 | 26.36 ± 10.65 | 0.693 |
| Body composition | |||
| Weight, kg | 59.16 ± 7.66 | 59.92 ± 9.88 | 0.770 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.53 ± 2.59 | 20.65 ± 3.49 | 0.332 |
| Calf circumference, cm | 31.50 ± 2.01 | 31.41 ± 2.98 | 0.912 |
| Arm circumference, cm | 28.96 ± 2.66 | 28.60 ± 3.01 | 0.666 |
| Lean body mass, kg | 6.72 ± 0.46 | 6.98 ± 0.81 | 0.178 |
| Protein BIA, kg | 8.91 ± 0.97 | 9.64 ± 1.27 | 0.035 |
| Fat-free mass, kg | 45.35 ± 4.94 | 48.87 ± 6.17 | 0.037 |
| FFMI, kg/m2 | 16.41 ± 0.89 | 16.79 ± 1.89 | 0.381 |
| Muscle strength | |||
| Right HGS, kg | 23.35 ± 6.61 | 23.77 ± 6.58 | 0.709* |
| Left HGS, kg | 21.7 ± 7.33 | 23.38 ± 8.24 | 0.376* |
| Diet | |||
| Energy intake, kcal | 1670.7 ± 656.9 | 1731.0 ± 689.7 | 0.947* |
| Protein intake, g | 67.72 ± 30.15 | 55.55 ± 28.03 | 0.147* |
| Fat intake, g | 45.41 ± 29.67 | 49.53 ± 33.01 | 0.758* |
| Carbohydrate intake, g | 253.36 ± 113.61 | 268.30 ± 108.99 | 0.649 |
| Vitamin C intake, mg | 108.98 ± 122.86 | 125.71 ± 93.22 | 0.322* |
| Magnesium intake, mg | 237.25 ± 116.54 | 182.06 ± 75.49 | 0.124* |
| Water, cup | 1.37 ± 1.48 | 2.17 ± 2.60 | 0.447* |
| Blood analysis | |||
| IL-6, pg/ml | 11.67 ± 10.84 | 8.15 ± 10.16 | 0.057* |
| TNFα, pg/ml | 30.04 ± 9.36 | 25.57 ± 10.42 | 0.135 |
| GSH, mM/l | 202.72 ± 40.66 | 176.7 ± 34.6 | 0.024 |
| MDA, μM/L | 2.90 ± 0.47 | 2.81 ± 0.48 | 0.544 |
| Albumin, g/dl | 4.15 ± 0.37 | 4.15 ± 0.27 | 0.949 |
| Vitamin C, μM/L | 27.00 ± 3.30 | 29.45 ± 4.47 | 0.042 |
| Magnesium, mg/dl | 1.98 ± 0.16 | 2.02 ± 0.16 | 0.323* |
| Lung function | |||
| FEV1, % | 44.95 ± 14.16 | 42.58 ± 16.74 | 0.604 |
| FVC, % | 60.54 ± 10.34 | 59.29 ± 10.83 | 0.636 |
| SGA score | 10.43 ± 4.81 | 10.37 ± 3.25 | 0.960 |
| SGRQ, total score | 59.0 ± 14.0 | 67.0 ± 13.0 | 0.046 |
| SGRQ, symptom score | 63.0 ± 18.0 | 73.0 ± 10.0 | 0.025 |
| SGRQ, activity score | 65.0 ± 20.0 | 71.0 ± 19.0 | 0.344 |
| SQRQ, impact score | 53.0 ± 16.0 | 63.0 ± 14.0 | 0.037 |
| IADL score | 5.04 ± 1.39 | 5.50 ± 0.93 | 0.231* |
| Katz index | 5.56 ± 0.89 | 5.45 ± 0.93 | 0.459* |
Presented values are mean ± SD.
* Non-parametric (Mann-Whitney) test were used for variables
Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, FFMI Fat-free mass index, HGS Handgrip strength, GSH Glutathione, TNFα Tumor necrosis factor, IL-6 Interlukin-6, MDA Malondialdehyde, FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1 s, SGA Subjective global assessment, SGRQ St. George’s respiratory questionnaire, IADL Instrumental activities of daily living