Table 4.

Effect of intervention on levels of measured parameters in COPD patients after 8 weeks

Variables	Control group (n = 21)				Intervention group (n = 23)				Intervention effect
	Pre mean ± SD	Post mean ± SD	Change mean ± SD	Intra P1	Pre mean ± SD	Post mean ± SD	Change mean ± SD	Intra P1	P2
IL-6, pg/ml	11.67 ± 10.84	13.72 ± 12.57	2.05 ± 11.77	0.935	8.15 ± 10.16	4.81 ± 5.08	−3.33 ± 6.41	0.011	0.034*
TNFα, pg/ml	30.04 ± 9.36	27.37 ± 9.78	−2.66 ± 8.31	0.223	25.57 ± 10.42	19.12 ± 6.82	−6.44 ± 7.21	< 0.0001	0.187
GSH, mM/l c	202.72 ± 40.66	185.86 ± 42.72	−16.86 ± 45.06	0.094	176.70 ± 34.6	185.79 ± 45.74	9.08 ± 54.28	< 0.0001	0.513
MDA, μM/L	2.90 ± 0.47	2.80 ± 0.41	−0.13 ± 0.54	0.241	2.81 ± 0.48	2.69 ± 0.40	−0.12 ± 0.62	0.354	0.945
Albumin, g/dl	4.15 ± 0.37	4.24 ± 0.38	0.09 ± 0.38	0.282	4.15 ± 0.27	4.41 ± 0.37	0.25 ± 0.40	0.006	0.178*
Vitamin C, μM/L d	27.00 ± 3.30	29.77 ± 6.13	2.77 ± 6.22	0.049	29.45 ± 4.47	35.45 ± 5.29	6.00 ± 6.71	< 0.0001	0.004*
Magnesium, mg/dl	1.98 ± 0.16	2.16 ± 0.14	0.17 ± 0.20	0.002	2.02 ± 0.16	2.13 ± 0.16	0.10 ± 0.25	0.054	0.754
Weight, kg	59.16 ± 7.66	59.80 ± 8.62	0.64 ± 2.68	0.263	59.92 ± 9.88	60.45 ± 9.79	0.52 ± 2.19	0.251	0.728
BMI, kg/m2	21.53 ± 2.59	21.73 ± 2.74	0.20 ± 0.97	0.338	20.65 ± 3.49	20.82 ± 3.40	0.17 ± 0.75	0.267	0.816
Calf circumference, cm	31.50 ± 2.01	31.71 ± 2.36	0.21 ± 1.29	0.430	31.41 ± 2.98	31.79 ± 2.77	0.37 ± 1.14	0.122	0.676
Arm circumference, cm	28.96 ± 2.66	29.0 ± 2.76	0.03 ± 1.01	0.855	28.60 ± 3.01	28.42 ± 2.98	−0.18 ± 1.43	0.538	0.592*
Lean body mass, kg	6.72 ± 0.46	6.18 ± 0.67	0.09 ± 0.38	0.248	6.98 ± 0.81	7.25 ± 1.03	0.26 ± 0.85	0.061	0.094*
Protein BIA, kg a	8.91 ± 0.97	9.05 ± 1.2	0.13 ± 0.57	0.256	9.64 ± 1.27	10.25 ± 1.56	0.61 ± 1.03	0.008	0.019*
Fat-free mass, kg b	45.35 ± 4.94	46.13 ± 5.99	0.78 ± 2.62	0.167	48.87 ± 6.17	51.72 ± 7.54	2.85 ± 4.65	0.006	0.025*
FFMI, kg/m2	16.41 ± 0.89	16.71 ± 1.27	0.29 ± 0.97	0.160	16.79 ± 1.89	17.78 ± 2.35	0.99 ± 1.61	0.006	0.018*
Right HGS, kg	23.35 ± 6.61	23.56 ± 7.66	0.20 ± 4.54	0.935	23.77 ± 6.58	26.53 ± 5.94	2.76 ± 3.81	0.003	0.023
Left HGS, kg	21.7 ± 7.33	21.99 ± 7.87	0.28 ± 4.32	0.795	23.38 ± 8.24	26.73 ± 7.29	3.34 ± 5.65	0.006	0.045*
FEV1, %	44.95 ± 14.16	44.34 ± 16.53	−0.60 ± 13.33	0.829	42.58 ± 16.74	45.70 ± 20.22	3.12 ± 8.37	0.081	0.218
FVC, %	60.54 ± 10.34	59.63 ± 11.66	−0.9 ± 10.45	0.601	59.29 ± 10.83	61.08 ± 14.32	1.79 ± 10.65	0.513	0.391
SGA score	10.43 ± 4.81	8.65 ± 2.82	−1.78 ± 4.43	0.067	10.37 ± 3.25	8.16 ± 2.11	−2.20 ± 3.20	0.003	0.899
SGRQ, total score e	59.0 ± 14.0	58.0 ± 13.0	−1.0 ± 11.0	0.644	67.0 ± 13.0	55.0 ± 13.0	−12.0 ± 12.0	< 0.0001	0.040*
SGRQ, symptom score f	63.0 ± 18.0	58.0 ± 16.0	−4.0 ± 17.0	0.245	73.0 ± 10.0	60.0 ± 12.0	−13.0 ± 17.0	0.001	0.575
SGRQ, activity score	65.0 ± 20.0	67.0 ± 23.0	1.0 ± 17.0	0.681	71.0 ± 19.0	67.0 ± 19.0	−4.0 ± 17.0	0.184	0.289
SQRQ, impact score g	53.0 ± 16.0	52.0 ± 13.0	−1.0 ± 13.0	0.695	63.0 ± 14.0	46.0 ± 13.0	−17.0 ± 14.0	< 0.0001	0.021*
IADL score	5.04 ± 1.39	4.66 ± 1.74	−0.28 ± 0.90	0.161	5.50 ± 0.93	5.12 ± 1.19	−0.37 ± 1.13	0.131	0.965*
Katz index	5.56 ± 0.89	5.50 ± 0.91	−0.04 ± 0.48	0.655	5.45 ± 0.93	5.70 ± 0.85	0.25 ± 0.53	0.034	0.164*

Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, FFMI Fat-free mass index, HGS Handgrip strength, GSH Glutathione, TNFα Tumor necrosis factor, IL-6 Interlukin-6, MDA Malondialdehyde, FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1 s, SGA Subjective global assessment, SGRQ St. George’s respiratory questionnaire, IADL Instrumental activities of daily living

¹ P values denote significance of within-group changes. ² P values denote significance of between-group changes which were compared by ANCOVA (considering protein and magnesium intake as a fixed factor and baseline value as a covariate which was mentioned as ^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g}

*Non-parametric were used for variables (Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney test were used to evaluate the within-group and between-group changes, respectively)