Table 3.
Multiple logistic regression of ever having an eye examination and related factors
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI (OR) | p-value | OR | 95% CI (OR) | p-value | OR | 95% CI (OR) | p-value | |
| Predisposing factors | |||||||||
| Age group | |||||||||
| 15–29 | Ref | – | – | ref | – | – | ref | – | – |
| 30–44 | 1.85 | [1.36–2.51] | < 0.001 | 1.80 | [1.3–2.5] | < 0.001 | 1.76 | [1.27–2.43] | 0.001 |
| 45–59 | 3.04 | [2.24–4.13] | < 0.001 | 2.86 | [2.09–3.91] | < 0.001 | 2.13 | [1.47–3.07] | < 0.001 |
| 60–74 | 3.59 | [2.49–5.18] | < 0.001 | 4.04 | [2.8–5.85] | < 0.001 | 2.74 | [1.81–4.14] | < 0.001 |
| > =75 | 4.28 | [2.61–7.02] | < 0.001 | 5.01 | [3.09–8.12] | < 0.001 | 3.22 | [1.82–5.7] | < 0.001 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | Ref | – | – | ref | – | – | ref | – | – |
| Female | 0.89 | [0.7–1.14] | 0.370 | 0.89 | [0.69–1.14] | 0.349 | 0.80 | [0.61–1.04] | 0.090 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| African | Ref | – | – | ref | – | – | ref | – | – |
| White | 12.76 | [5.28–30.84] | < 0.001 | 4.37 | [1.73–11.05] | 0.002 | 4.71 | [1.8–12.36] | 0.002 |
| Coloured’ (mixed race) | 2.61 | [1.84–3.7] | < 0.001 | 1.97 | [1.38–2.82] | < 0.001 | 1.87 | [1.32–2.65] | < 0.001 |
| Indian | 10.94 | [5.97–20.03] | < 0.001 | 8.65 | [3.39–22.05] | < 0.001 | 7.67 | [3.17–18.53] | < 0.001 |
| High risk alcohol use | 2.05 | [1.44–2.92] | < 0.001 | 1.84 | [1.32–2.55] | < 0.001 | 1.83 | [1.3–2.56] | 0.001 |
| Current smoking | 0.76 | [0.53–1.09] | 0.134 | 0.88 | [0.63–1.24] | 0.478 | 0.82 | [0.59–1.15] | 0.253 |
| Enabling factors | |||||||||
| Wealth index | |||||||||
| Lowest (1) | ref | – | – | ref | – | – | |||
| 2 | 0.96 | [0.67–1.4] | 0.845 | 0.93 | [0.63–1.38] | 0.716 | |||
| 3 | 1.74 | [1.11–2.71] | 0.015 | 1.75 | [1.11–2.76] | 0.017 | |||
| 4 | 2.24 | [1.49–3.39] | < 0.001 | 2.23 | [1.49–3.36] | < 0.001 | |||
| Wealthiest (5) | 2.50 | [1.41–4.45] | 0.002 | 2.49 | [1.38–4.48] | 0.003 | |||
| Urban residence | 1.17 | [0.85–1.62] | 0.325 | 1.10 | [0.8–1.51] | 0.558 | |||
| Has health insurance | 2.27 | [1.49–3.45] | < 0.001 | 2.19 | [1.44–3.33] | < 0.001 | |||
| Need factors | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 1.06 | [0.8–1.39] | 0.696 | ||||||
| Diabetes | 1.75 | [1.15–2.66] | 0.009 | ||||||
| High cholesterol | 2.51 | [1.44–4.38] | 0.001 | ||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.27 | [0.88–1.83] | 0.209 | ||||||
| Accessed health care in the past 5 years | 2.42 | [1.91–3.07] | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Clinician assessed vision loss | 1.14 | [0.78–1.67] | 0.506 | ||||||
| Self-reported vision problems | 1.51 | [1.05–2.16] | 0.026 | ||||||
Model 1 included predisposing variables as a univariate model; Model 2 included predisposing and enabling variables; Model 3 included predisposing, enabling, and need variables
OR Odds ratio, CI confidence interval, n number of participants, ref reference group