Table 2.

Frequencies and adjusted odds ratios for outcomes by stage of labour at admission

Outcome	Active labour	Early labour	Odds of outcome if admitted in early labour (< 4 cm), adjusting for parity			Odds of outcome if admitted in early labour adjusted for parity and additional factors
	% (n)	% (n)	AORa	95% CI	p	AORa	95% CI	p
Augmentation by oxytocin	12.8 (60)	39.8 (90)	3.57	2.39, 5.34	< .001
Artificial rupture of membranes	33.0 (155)	32.4 (73)	0.95	0.67, 1.35	.776
Epidural	15.7 (74)	40.7 (92)	3.10	2.13, 4.51	< .001	2.27b	1.51, 3.41	<.001
Pharmacological pain relief	70.1 (330)	83.2 (188)	1.79	1.19, 2.70	.006	1.52b	1.00, 2.32	.053
Non-pharmacological pain relief	45.4 (214)	46.5 (105)	0.89	0.64, 1.24	.495	0.90b	0.64, 1.27	.541
Episiotomy	8.9 (42)	15.5 (35)	1.29	0.78, 2.14	.323	1.36c	0.75, 2.46	.315
Caesarean birth	5.9 (28)	22.1 (50)	3.50	2.10, 5.83	<.001
Caesarean for slow progress	3.6 (17)	12.8 (29)	3.03	1.60, 5.74	.001	2.40b	1.22–4.72	.011
Caesarean for fetal distress	2.3 (11)	8.4 (19)	2.91	1.33, 6.35	.007
Assisted vaginal birth	8.1 (38)	15.0 (34)	1.49	0.89, 2.49	.128
Postpartum haemorrhage	16.7 (78)	14.2 (32)	0.85	0.54, 1.33	.469
Neonatal resuscitation	7.6 (36)	13.3 (30)	1.69	0.99, 2.86	.053
Admission to special care nursery	13.8 (65)	21.7 (49)	1.54	1.01, 2.35	.046
	M (SD)	M (SD)	AORa	95% CI	p	AORa	95% CI	p
Number of vaginal examinations	2.20 (1.40)	3.69 (1.75)	1.73	1.53, 1.95	<.001
Maternal length of stay (days)	1.95 (1.29)	2.52 (1.30)	1.25	1.09, 1.42	.001	1.13d	0.98, 1.30	.102
Neonate’s length of stay (days)	1.78 (1.31)	2.10 (1.31)	1.08	0.95, 1.22	.233	0.97 d	0.85, 1.12	.690

^aReferent category is admission in active labour

^bAdjusted for parity and augmentation with oxytocin

^cAdjusted for parity and mode of birth (vaginal, assisted vaginal or caesarean)

^dAdjusted for parity and mode of birth (vaginal or caesarean)