Table 3.

Frequencies and adjusted odds ratios for outcomes by stage of labour at admission where early labour is defined as < 5 cm cervical dilatation

Outcome	Active labour	Early labour	Odds of outcome if admitted in early labour (< 5 cm), adjusting for parity			Odds of outcome if admitted in early labour adjusted for parity and additional factors
	% (n)	% (n)	AORa	95% CI	p	AORa	95% CI	p
Augmentation by oxytocin	9.2 (30)	32.8 (120)	3.99	2.54, 6.28	< .001
Artificial rupture of membranes	28.8 (94)	36.4 (134)	1.41	1.02, 1.95	.040
Epidural	9.1 (30)	36.9 (136)	5.05	3.26, 7.82	< .001	3.91b	2.47, 6.18	<.001
Pharmacological pain relief	64.6 (212)	82.9 (306)	2.34	1.63, 3.35	< .001	2.01b	1.39, 2.91	<.001
Non-pharmacological pain relief	45.1 (148)	46.3 (171)	0.92	0.68, 1.25	.600	0.91b	0.67, 1.26	.582
Episiotomy	7.9 (26)	13.8 (51)	1.34	0.79, 2.25	.278	1.30c	0.77, 2.21	.331
Caesarean birth	5.2 (17)	16.5 (61)	2.84	1.60, 5.05	<.001
Caesarean for slow progress	2.4 (8)	10.3 (38)	3.63	1.65, 7.99	.001	2.64b	1.16–5.98	.020
Caesarean for fetal distress	2.1 (7)	6.2 (23)	2.34	0.97, 5.61	.058
Assisted vaginal birth	6.1 (20)	14.1 (52)	1.96	1.12, 3.41	.018
Postpartum haemorrhage	14.8 (48)	16.8 (62)	1.21	0.79, 1.83	.383
Neonatal resuscitation	6.7 (22)	11.9 (44)	1.73	1.01, 2.99	.048
Admission to special care nursery	12.2 (40)	20.1 (74)	1.63	1.07, 2. 05	.024
	M (SD)	M (SD)	AORa	95% CI	p	AORa	95% CI	p
Number of vaginal examinations	1.87 (1.14)	3.41 (1.74)	2.16	1.86, 2.50	<.001
Maternal length of stay (days)	1.85 (1.24)	2.40 (1.33)	1.30	1.13, 1.49	.001	1.21d	1.04, 1.40	.011
Neonate’s length of stay (days)	1.72 (1.26)	2.03 (1.35)	1.11	0.98, 1.25	.110	1.03 d	0.91, 1.18	.610

^aReferent category is admission in active labour

^bAdjusted for parity and augmentation with oxytocin

^cAdjusted for parity and mode of birth (vaginal, assisted vaginal or caesarean)

^dAdjusted for parity and mode of birth (vaginal or caesarean)