Table 3.

Balance tests

	Control	Deont.	Conseq.
Age	49.12	50.44*	50.57*
	(15.38)	(15.30)	(15.40)
Female	0.52	0.51	0.52
	(0.50)	(0.50)	(0.50)
Household income
< 1500	0.16	0.17	0.16
	(0.37)	(0.38)	(0.37)
1500–3000	0.40	0.41	0.41
	(0.49)	(0.49)	(0.49)
3000–4000	0.23	0.23	0.21
	(0.42)	(0.42)	(0.41)
$\ge$ 4000	0.20	0.19	0.22
	(0.40)	(0.40)	(0.41)
Education
University degree	0.21	0.22	0.20
	(0.41)	(0.41)	(0.40)
A-levels / vocational training	0.20	0.18	0.19
	(0.40)	(0.38)	(0.39)
Secondary school	0.36	0.38	0.38
	(0.48)	(0.48)	(0.48)
Secondary general school	0.22	0.23	0.23
	(0.42)	(0.42)	(0.42)
No degree	0.00	0.00	0.00
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.06)
Observations	1109	1141	1198

Table shows mean values and standard deviations in parentheses. Stars indicate the significance in differences between the treatment groups and the control group (t-tests). *$p<0.1$, **$p<0.05$, ***$p<0.01$