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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2020 Apr 6;185:109465. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109465

Figure 2. Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in air pollution-induced bone damage.

Figure 2.

PM: Particulate matter; NO2: Nitrogen dioxide; SO2: Sulphur dioxide; O3: Ozone; OPG: Osteoprotegerin, IL: Interleukin; M-CSF: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor; RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NF-kβ: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PTH: Parathyroid hormone.