Table 1:
Summary of precipitation sensitivity (dP) to increases in the number of CCN (dN0) for different studies. Note that van den Heever et al. [2006] used a linear CCN concentration profile that ranged from 300 cm−3 at 4 km above ground level to 1000 cm−3 near the surface; GCCN and IN effects from van den Heever et al. [2006] and Teller and Levin [2006] are excluded from the table; only five of the total 30 cases from Wang [2005] are displayed in the table. Updated and modified from Tao et al. [2007]. The results from van den Heever et al. [2011, 2013] are based on 100-day integrations using a 10,000-km domain with cyclic lateral boundary conditions, whereas Morrison and Grabowski [2011] are based on 6-day integrations, a 240-km domain, and 240 ensembles with imposed large-scale advective forcing. Note that this list of papers is not complete. This table was adapted from Tao et al. [2007, 2012].
| Reference | case | dN0 (Nclean) [cm−3] CNN # | dP (%) | Model specifications | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phillips et al. [2002] | New Mexico | 1950 (800) | −14. | 1D, bin | |
| 4200 (800) | −30. | 1D, bin | |||
| Khain and Pokrovsky [2004] | Texas | 40 (10) | −16. | 2D, bin | |
| 90 (10) | −19. | 2D, bin | |||
| 290 (10) | −53. | 2D, bin | |||
| 1250 (10) | −88. | 2D, bin | |||
| Khain et al [2005] | GATE | 1160 (100) | −3. | 2D, bin | |
| Khain et al [2005] | PRESTORM | 1160 (100) | +258. | 2D, bin | |
| Wang [2005] | ITCZ | 400(100) | +180. | 3D, bulk | |
| 800 (100) | +340. | 3D, bulk | |||
| 1,200(100) | +540. | 3D, bulk | |||
| 1,500 (100) | +700. | 3D, bulk | |||
| Lynn et al. [2005] | Florida | 1,250 (10) | −5. | 3D, bin, 400×199 | |
| Teller and Levin [2006] | Winter-time eastern Mediterranean | 210(100) | −27. | 2D, bin | |
| 510 (100) | −55. | 2D, bin | |||
| 810 (100) | −73. | 2D,bin | |||
| 1,260 (100) | −93. | 2D, bin | |||
| van den Heever et al. [2006] | CRYSTAL | 350 (300) | −22. | 3D, bulk | |
| Tao et al [2007] | TOGA COARE | 2400 (100) | +58. | 2D, bin, 1024 grid | |
| PRESTORM | 1900 (600) | −24. | 2D, bin, 1024 grid | ||
| CRYSTAL | 1900 (600) | −13. | 2D, bin, >1024 grid | ||
| Fan et al [2007a] | A sea-breeze induced convective event (Houston, TX) | 30,000 (3000) | +9. | 2D, bin | |
| van den Heever and Cotton [2007] | METROMEX (St. Louis, June 8, 1999 convective storm) | 3D, bulk | |||
| GCCN = 0.01 cm−3 | Early stage | 2000 (800) | −12 | 3D, bulk | |
| Late stage | 2000 (800) | −1 | 3D, bulk | ||
| GCCN = 0.1 cm−3 | Early stage | 2000 (1200) | +5 | 3D, bulk | |
| Late stage | 2000 (1200) | −2 | 3D, bulk | ||
| GCCN = 0.2 cm−3 | Early stage | 2000 (1200) | +26 | 3D, bulk | |
| Late stage | 2000 (1200) | −1 | 3D, bulk | ||
| Lee et al [2008a,b,2009] | ARM-A | 900 (100) | + 18. | 2D, bulk | |
| Fan et al [2009] | TWP-ICE and China | 1,100 (110) | +/− (Depends on the wind shear | 2D, bin | |
| Lee and Feingold [2010] | TWP-ICE | 450 (50) | +9. | 2D, bin | |
| Cheng et al [2010] | A front system (Northern Taiwan) | 9,000 (1000) 900 (100) |
−12 ~0 |
3D, bulk | |
| Saleeby et al [2010] | Marine Warm Rain Events: January 22–23, 1998; February 2–3, 2004; April 2–3, 2007 (East China Sea) | Observed AOD for each event, ranging from 0.02 to 0.7 optical depth | 3D, bulk | ||
| ¼ x OBS | −38 | 3D, bulk | |||
| ½ x OBS | −21 | 3D, bulk | |||
| Observed AOD (OBS) | - | 3D, bulk | |||
| 2 x OBS | −3.5 | 3D, bulk | |||
| Storer et al. [2010] | Idealized Super Cells | 100 (6,400) | −30–40 | 3D, bulk | |
| van den Heever et al [2011] | TOGA COARE Tropical R-C Equilibrium | 25 (375) 400–1,600 |
+2 −6 |
2D, bulk | |
| Morrison and Grabowski [2011] | TWP-ICE | 354, 2,780, 6,130 | −0.4 | 2D, bulk | |
| Fan et al [2012a] | AMF-China | 8600 (1600) |
+18% for SBM −12% for Morrison |
3D, bin, 251×201 | |
| Fan et al. [2012b] | AMF-China: weak and strong wind shear SGP: weak and strong wind shear | 1700 (280) | Weak wind shear: +7% for AMF-China (warm cloud base) and +4% for SGP (cold cloud base) Stronger wind shear: +3% for AMF-China and −4% for SGP. | 3D, bin | |
| Fan et al [2013] | Long-time (monthly) simulations at TWP, SGP and Southeast China | 1700 (280) | +5 to +7% at TWP and SEC −2% at SGP (decrease and increase offset). Rain rate PDF changed significantly. | 3D, bin, 300×300 | |
| Igel et al [2013] | North American Extra- tropical Cyclone, (Warm Front Region) | 800 (400) | +1.4 | 3D, bulk | |
| 1600 (400) | +2.1 | 3D, bulk | |||
| Seigel et al [2013] | Idealized Squall Line (Africa) | ~30, 125, 175 (Vertical varied with Maximum value) | ~ −20–30 | 3D, bulk | |
| Storer and van den Heever [2013] | Tropical Deep Convection (TOGA COARE) | 100 (900) 800 (2400) |
−25 ~+10 |
2D, bulk | |
| Grant and van den Heever [2014] | Idealized Sea Breeze Convection (Africa) | 500 (200) | −15% | 3D, bulk | |
| 2000 (200) | −40% | 3D, bulk | |||
| Lebo and Morrison [2014] | Idealized Squall Line | 100(900) | +20 Weak wind shear | 3D, bulk | |
| Kalina et al [2014] | Idealized Super Thunderstorms | 100 – 10,000 100 – 5,000 |
−50% (low RH) + <5 % (high RH) (Depends on moist/dry condition) |
3D, bulk | |
| Grant and van den Heever [2015] | Idealized Supercell (moist profile) | 400 (100) | ~ +10 | 3D, bulk | |
| 1600 (100) | ~ −5 | ~ | |||
| Idealized Supercell (low-level dry layer) | 400 (100) | ~ −2 | ~ | ||
| 1600 (100) | ~ −20 | ~ | |||
| Idealized Supercell (mid-level dry layer) | 400 (100) | 0 | ~ | ||
| 1600 (100) | ~ −20 | ~ | |||
| Idealized Multicell (moist profile) | 400 (100) | ~ −1 | ~ | ||
| 1600 (100) | ~ +1 | ~ | |||
| Idealized Multicell (low-level dry layer) | 400 (100) | ~ +20 | ~ | ||
| 1600 (100) | ~ +100 | ~ | |||
| Idealized Multicell (mid-level dry layer) | 400 (100) | 0 | ~ | ||
| 1600 (100) | ~ −15 | ~ | |||