Table 2.
Examples of social disparities in COVID-19 risk.
| Country, city | Indicator(s) of social vulnerability | Unit of analysis | Outcome | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US (APM Research Lab, 2020) | Black ethnicity | State | Death rate from COVID-19 | 2.2 times higher than for Latinos, 2.3 times higher than for Asians, and 2.6 times higher than for Whites |
| US, New York (NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 2020) | Race minority, income, education level | Borough | Incidence rate, death rate from COVID-19 | 2.0 times higher in poorest vs wealthiest districts |
| UK, England and Whales (UK Office for National Statistics, 2020a) | Index of multiple deprivation | Lower-layer Super Output Areas | Age-standardised death rate from COVID-19 | 1.9 times higher in the most vs least deprived areas |
| UK, England and Whales (UK Office for National Statistics, 2020b) | Occupation | Individual | Age-standardised death rate from COVID-19 | 2.2 times higher in men working in the lowest skilled occupations compared to people of the same sex and age |
| Spain, Madrid (RE-HAB, 2020) | Overcrowding and age | District | Incidence rate | 22% of the variability explained by these indicators |
| Spain, Barcelona (Dell’Olmo et al., 2020) | Income | Neighbourhood | Incidence rate | 26% higher incidence rate in richest vs poorest neighbourhoods |