Effect of low dose of extended-release naltrexone on oxycodone-induced activity and thigmotaxis in rats immunized with OXY-KLH. Rats received either saline or XR-NTX intramuscularly on days 0, 42, and 70. Concurrently, rats were immunized with either 100 μg of the OXY-KLH or KLH on days 0, 21, 42, and 72 in Freund’s adjuvant. (A) Rats were tested in motor activity chambers after subcutaneous doses of saline and 0.5 mg/kg oxycodone. Then, rats received 1.0 mg/kg oxycodone s.c. and (B) motor activity, and (C) thigmotaxis were measured. (D) Motor activity was measured after a subcutaneous challenge of 2.0 mg/kg oxycodone. Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test or one-way ANOVA using Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was performed to compare with KLH controls. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001 different from KLH + saline control and from KLH + XR-NTX.