Table 3.
Number and population proportion of children and adolescents with self- or parent-reported transgender identity and gender diversity.
| Survey location; time period, age (Reference) | Case definition | Source of numerator | Numerator |
Size of denominator | Percentage |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | AMAB | AFAB | Total | AMAB | AFAB | ||||
| Boston, Massachusetts, US, 2006, 13-19 years (Almeida et al., 2009) | Self-identity as transgender | Boston Youth Survey data | 17 | 11 | 6 | 1032 | 1.6% | NA | NA |
| Nationwide, New Zealand, 2012, secondary school students; age range not provided; 65% reported to be ≤15 years of age (Clark et al., 2014) | Self-identity as transgender Not sure of gender identity |
National survey of secondary school students | 96 201 |
44 82 |
52 120 |
8164 (3669 males, 4495 females) | 1.2% 2.5% |
1.2% 2.2% |
1.2% 2.7% |
| Minnesota, USA, 2016, 9th and 11th grade (Eisenberg et al., 2017) | Self-identity as transgender | Minnesota Student Survey | 2,198 | NA | NA | 80,929 | 2.7% | 1.7% | 3.6% |
| San Francisco, US, 2011, 11-13 years (Shields et al., 2013) | Self-identity as transgender | Youth Risk Behavior Survey at administered in middle schools | 33 | NA | NA | 2701 | 1.3% | NA | NA |
| Zuid-Holland province, Netherlands, 1983, 4-11 years (Steensma et al., 2013) | Parent/primary caregiver report on gender variance | Baseline assessment in a longitudinal study of changes in sexual orientation and gender variant behavior | 51 | 10 | 41 | 879 (406 males, 473 females) | 5.8% | 2.5% | 8.7% |
| Florida and California, US, 2015, 9-12th grade (Lowry et al., 2018) | High gender nonconformity based on a 7-point scale | Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System | 511* | 408* | 117* | 6082 (2919 females, 3139 males)** | 8.4% | 13.0% | 4.0% |
*
Calculated based on reported percentages and denominator sizes.
**
Numbers of male and female participants reported in the article do not add up to total.
NA = Not available.