Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| Characteristics | Men (n=4981) |
Women (n=5529) |
P value |
| Age-year | 59 (53–66) | 57 (51–65) | <0.0001 |
| BMI-kg/m2 | 22.40 (20.35–24.83) | 23.51 (21.17–26.14) | <0.0001 |
| SBP-mm Hg | 127.67 (115.67–141.67) | 127.00 (114.00–143.33) | 0.3764 |
| DBP-mm Hg | 75.33 (67.67–83.67) | 74.33 (67.00–82.67) | 0.0017 |
| Hand grip strength (kg) | 36.85 (30.50–43.00) | 25.00 (20.00–29.50) | <0.0001 |
| Above-average household income-no (%) | 2104 (49.68) | 2360 (50.32) | 0.5468 |
| Education level-no (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| 1 | 4287 (86.07) | 5134 (92.86) | |
| 2 | 592 (11.89) | 347 (6.28) | |
| 3 | 102 (2.05) | 48 (0.87) | |
| ADL disability-no (%) | 716 (14.55) | 1011 (18.57) | <0.0001 |
| Living alone-no (%) | 471 (9.46) | 832 (15.05) | <0.0001 |
| Rural residence-no (%) | 3282 (65.89) | 3524 (63.74) | 0.0210 |
| Lifestyle-no (%) | |||
| Smoking ever | 3738 (75.24) | 420 (7.63) | <0.0001 |
| Drinking ever | 3297 (66.43) | 826 (15.01) | <0.0001 |
| Disease history-no (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 1904 (43.35) | 2245 (45.34) | 0.0530 |
| HBS/diabetes | 1460 (30.16) | 1564 (29.19) | 0.2846 |
| Cancer | 40 (0.81) | 67 (1.22) | 0.0372 |
| Stroke | 133 (2.69) | 136 (2.48) | 0.4958 |
| Heart disease | 499 (10.10) | 738 (13.47) | <0.0001 |
| Lung disease | 620 (12.54) | 508 (9.26) | <0.0001 |
| Arthritis | 1548 (31.23) | 2243 (40.80) | <0.0001 |
| Liver disease | 197 (4.00) | 188 (3.44) | 0.1326 |
| Kidney disease | 309 (6.27) | 315 (5.75) | 0.2701 |
| Digestive disease | 1030 (20.79) | 1393 (25.37) | <0.0001 |
| Asthma | 283 (5.72) | 216 (3.93) | <0.0001 |
| Psychological problem | 60 (1.21) | 94 (1.72) | 0.0336 |
| Memory problem | 97 (1.96) | 86 (1.57) | 0.1238 |
| Laboratory measurements | |||
| LDL cholesterol-mg/dL | 109.41 (88.92–131.06) | 117.91 (96.26–141.50) | <0.0001 |
| Triglyceride-mg/dL | 96.46 (69.03–145.14) | 110.63 (79.65–159.30) | <0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol-mg/dL | 48.71 (39.43–59.54) | 50.64 (41.75–60.31) | <0.0001 |
| Haemoglobin-(g/L) | 151 (140–162) | 136 (125–146) | <0.0001 |
Educational level: (1) Less than lower secondary education; (2) Upper secondary and vocational training; (3) Tertiary education.
ADL, activity of daily living; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolicblood pressure; HBS, high blood sugar; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.