Table 1.

Acquired MR sequences, potential quantitative neuroimaging measurement outcomes and associated physiological changes

	Outcome	Associated physiological change(s)
3D-T1	Structural brain volumes; infarct detection	Atrophy
FLAIR	White matter hyperintensity volume, detection of lesions presumed vascular in origin	Inflammation, demyelination, gliosis, axonal loss
rs-fMRI	Functional connectivity	Network changes in brain regions with synchronous activity
DWI	FA, MD, RD, PSMD, structural connectivity	Microstructural changes in white matter
T1 mapping	Regional T1 relaxation values	Change in local biochemical environment for example, lipid, haemosiderin
T2 mapping	Regional T2 relaxation values	Diffuse inflammation, demyelination, gliosis, axonal loss
QSM	Regional relative magnetic susceptibility values; regional R2* values; detection of cerebral microbleeds	Iron concentration, bleeding
pcASL	Cerebral blood perfusion (CBF)	Tissue perfusion

BOLD, blood oxygen level dependent; CBF, cerebral blood flow; 3D-T1, 3D T1-weighted; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; FA, fractional anisotropy; FLAIR, fluid attenuated inversion recovery; MD, mean diffusivity; MR, magnetic resonance; NEX, number of excitations; pcASL, pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling; PSMD, peak skeletonised mean diffusivity; QSM, quantitative susceptibility mapping; RD, radial diffusivity; rs-fMRI, resting state functional MRI.